Kola study
The Kola study refers to archaeological research of the Belzec camp conducted in the late 1990s. The head of the Polish archaeological team was Andrzej Kola. Historians Robin O’Neil and Michael Tregenza also participated.
The archaeological work was conducted during the following periods.
- October 12-25, 1997
- April 27-June 6, 1998
- October 25-November 14, 1998
- September 12-25, 1999
Kola published the results in 2000 in both the original Polish and in a poorly translated English version. The book has never been widely available and can only be found in select university or research libraries.
- Hitlerowski obóz zagłady Żydów w Bełżcu w świetle źródeł archeologicznych. Badania 1997-1999
- Bełżec: The Nazi Camp for Jews in the Light of Archeological Sources: Excavations 1997-1999
Method
A core sampling method was used. Samples were taken at 5 meter intervals. A manual drill was used, around 6-8 meters long, and 65 mm in diameter.
In total, 2,227 core samples were taken. The Kola team reportedly found human remains in 236 samples. Most samples indicated undisturbed, natural strata.
The published results present drawings of 137 of the 236 samples identified as positive for human remains.
Details of the Graves
The Kola team estimated 33 mass graves, with the number, boundaries, and dimensions being extrapolated from the core samples. The graves were estimated to have a total area of 5,490 square meters and a total volume of 21,310 cubic meters.
Ten of the graves reportedly contained human corpses, found only at the bottom of the graves "as a rule," and mostly in a state of wax-fat transformation. These were graves 1, 3, 4, 10, 13, 20, 25, 27, 28, 32. The others contained cremains.
The Kola team made no detailed estimate of the number of unburnt corpses, but O'Neil for his own part suggested "many thousands" while Tregenza has given 15,000 as a "conservative" estimate. Jacek Nowakowski, associate director of USHMM to helped coordinate the research, supposed that the unburnt corpses must have been those who were brought in to perform the cremations who were then killed toward the end.
The fact that there were many more people employed in burning the bodies than we thought suggests they had many more bodies to burn. We may have to revise upward the estimate of the number who died at Belzec and that only increases the huge significance of the site.[1]
However Robert Muehlenkamp has given a different explanation, that these bodies must have been ones that were overlooked and left behind in the cleanup operation.[2]
Revisionist Carlo Mattogno has argued that Kola's data are consistent with only sparse presence of corpses, a few hundred "at most."[3]
Regarding the 137 samples with cremains, Mattogno notes that more than half show only a very thin layer of sand and ash, whereas among the remainder the percentage of sand is not less than 50%, and the thickness of the sand/ash layer varies greatly.
[4]
Supplements
Map of Kola Samples
The Kola Graves
| # | Dimensions [m] | Depth [m] | Surface [m²] | Est’d. volume [m³] |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 40×12 | 4.80 | 480 | 1,500 |
| 2 | 14×6 | 2.00 | 84 | 170 |
| 3 | 16×15 | 5.00 | 240 | 960 |
| 4 | 16×6 | 2.30 | 96 | 250 |
| 5 | 32×10 | 4.50 | 320 | 1,350 |
| 6 | 30×10 | 4.00 | 300 | 1,200 |
| 7 | 13–14×27 | 4.50 | 364.5 | 1,600 |
| 8 | 28×10 | 4.00 | 280 | 850 |
| 9 | 8×10 | 3.80 | 80 | 280 |
| 10 | 24×18 | 4.25–5.20 | 432 | 2,100 |
| 11 | 9×5 | 1.90 | 45 | 80 |
| 12 | 6×16×11.5×18 | 4.00 | ~132 | 400 |
| 13 | 12.50×11×17×18 | 4.80 | ~200 | 920 |
| 14 | 37×10 | 5.00 | 370 | 1,850 |
| 15 | 13.50×6.50 | 4.50 | 87.75 | 400 |
| 16 | 18.50×9.50 | 4.00 | 175.75 | 700 |
| 17 | 17×7.50 | 4.00 | 127.5 | 500 |
| 18 | 16×9 | 4.00 | 144 | 570 |
| 19 | 12×12 | 4.00 | 144 | 500 |
| 20 | 26×11 | 5.00 | 286 | 1,150 |
| 21 | 5×5 | 1.70 | 25 | 35 |
| 22 | 9×15 | 3.50 | 135 | 200 |
| 23 | 16×8.50 | 4.00 | 136 | 550 |
| 24 | 20×5.50 | 5.00 | 110 | 520 |
| 25 | 13×5 | 4.00 | 65 | 250 |
| 26 | 13×7 | 4.00 | 91 | 320 |
| 27 | 18.50×6.00 | 5.00 | 111 | 450 |
| 28 | ? | ? | ~17.5 | 70 |
| 29 | 25×9 | 4.50 | 225 | 900 |
| 30 | 5×6 | 2.70 | 30 | 75 |
| 31 | 9×4 | 2.60 | 36 | 90 |
| 32 | 15×5 | 4.00 | 75 | 400 |
| 33 | 9×5 | 3.00 | 45 | 120 |
| Total: | 5,490 | 21,310 |