Soviet Treblinka Investigation 1944-August

In August 1944, the 65th Army of the 1st Belorussian Front of the Soviet Union Red Army conducted an investigation of the area of the Treblinka camps.

The documents below include the testimonies of witnesses, the excavations of individual and mass graves, and the official report.

Testimony of Max Lewit about life in the Treblinka labor camp and its liquidation [August 1944]

(33 years old, Jewish, carpenter from Warsaw, prisoner of Treblinka I)

I was in the camp from May 1943 to July 1944. After the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, I was assigned to a group of carpenters sent by the Germans to the Treblinka camp. Upon arrival, I immediately set to work alongside many of my colleagues, making furniture for the German army headquarters.

How did we live in the camp? Upon arrival, we were housed in barracks on bare boards. They packed us in like sardines. They even forced us to sleep naked on the bare boards. The next morning, they sent us to work on the camp's earthworks. We built roads. The work was very hard. The workday lasted 10 hours. We were given 250 grams of black bread each. Soup consisting of water and potato peelings. In the evening, we ate the bread if there was any left, and in the morning, only murky boiling water. We were treated so badly that many died of starvation, then Hauptsturmführer Van Eupen would order a new batch of artisans from Treblinka station. So, in my opinion, murders occurred in the labor camp just as they did in the Jewish camp. But these were murders committed through backbreaking labor and starvation. Moreover, the guards found fault with every little detail and killed. They killed people if they were weakened, worked sluggishly, or somehow displeased a guard. Not a day went by without four to eight or more people being killed this way. If one escaped or tried to escape from the camp, 10-15 were shot. SS officers would often come at night, count off 15-20 people, wake them up, and take them away for fun. The fun consisted of drunken SS officers demonstrating murder techniques to each other and then demonstrating these techniques on the prisoners. Sometimes, at night, the oldest people in the camp were awakened and exterminated. The camp's veterans knew a lot about the Germans' crimes and could have become dangerous witnesses if necessary. This continued every day. People who went to bed had no certainty they would survive until morning. Those who went to work in the morning had no certainty they would return to their barracks in the evening.

Boys aged 12 to 14 were also recruited for work in the "work camp." I remember how, in March 1942, 60 boys of the same age were brought from Warsaw. Untersturmführer Fritz Preifi, nicknamed "Old Man," selected 15 of the weakest, skinniest boys and immediately ordered their extermination as unfit for labor. A German who had previously lived in Odessa, by the name of Svidersky (nicknamed "One-Eyed"), he was blind in one eye, together with other guards took hammers and with blows to the bridges of their noses and heads killed all 15 guys before our eyes. We heard the heart-rending cries of some of the children, but overall, the children died peacefully, because they had apparently long since realized that death awaited them. The children only asked to be shot, and the guards, mostly Ukrainians, replied, "Oh, you guys! Shooting is too good a death for little Jews. No, we'll finish you off with hammers."

Later, the boys selected by Fritz Preifi worked in the kitchen, peeling potatoes, scattering ashes from the ovens where people had been burned, herding cows, and so on. Two boys named Moishe and Polutek, who had tried to escape, were hanged by the Germans in front of the other boys. The hangmen were Untersturmführers Lanz, Hagen, Lindeke, Stumpe (Laughing Death), and camp commander van Eupen. Moishe's rope turned out to be very long, and his foot touched the ground. Lanz, a master carpenter and the foreman in the workshop, approached, untied the rope from the gallows, threw the boy to the ground, stepped on his head, and yanked the rope. Their comrades, watching this scene, wept and said, "Moishe and Polutek are lucky; now they won't live anymore."

Thus, about 15 more boys were exterminated by gallows and rods. The 30 remaining survivors were shot by the Germans at the moment of the camp's liquidation, when the Red Army was already approaching the Kosów region. All 30 boys, led by their leader Leib, marched to the grave in formation, singing Soviet songs such as "My Homeland Is Wide," "My Moscow," and "The Internationale," and shouting, "Long Live Stalin." These were the children of workers from Warsaw, Grodno, Białystok, Brest, and elsewhere.

The day before the execution, the boys dug their own grave.

Backbreaking physical labor was used in the camp. A huge iron roller was used for road construction. Fifteen to twenty of the weakest people were harnessed to this roller and forced to compact the road, which was covered in human ash and cinders. The people couldn't drag the roller fast enough. For their slowness, they were beaten with sticks and whips. They were beaten to death. In Polish, the word "roller" is called "waltz." Therefore, working with the roller was called "ostatny waltz" (the last waltz). Because after a person was assigned to such work, [they] never returned to the barracks.

Slowness in loading sand or any other work resulted in execution on the spot. During snow clearing, the snow would be red with human blood.

For over a year, every day and every night, I saw lights and black smoke rising from the square of the neighboring camp, or, as we called it, the "death camp." The Germans were burning the corpses of the people they were killing. We could hear the terrible screams of those being killed and the unbearable smell of burning human bodies. We were told that up to 15,000 corpses were burned daily at the death camp.

Very often, every week, Hagen, Lanz, Lindeke, Stumpe, Reige, von Eupen, and Fritz Preich would line us up and pick out the weak and those whose physiognomies they didn't like, and send them in groups of 50-100 to be burned at the "death camp." This was the constant extermination of people, and each of us waited his turn. For three years, a policy of exterminating working people—specialists—and bringing in new groups of skilled workers to replace those killed was pursued.

In March 1944, all unskilled and semi-skilled laborers were selected and killed. Only highly skilled craftsmen and a few unskilled laborers remained in the camp.

With the front approaching, the Germans were preparing to liquidate the camp by exterminating all remaining people. On Sunday, July 23, 1944, having learned of the Germans' intentions, at five o'clock in the morning we attempted to take the guards' rifles and break out of the camp by force. Our attempt failed. Some among us believed it was too early to rebel, that we needed another day or two to prepare and then escape. This mistake cost almost everyone our lives. The Germans drove everyone out of the barracks. They forced us to lie face down in a row and, counting us off by ten, led us into the forest to be shot.

The group, including me, was led to the pit at 7 p.m. Standing at the edge of the grave, I took Dr. Badash's arm and waited. Shots rang out. Dr. Bodash's head was hit by a bullet, and as he fell, he pulled me into the pit. The guards, slightly drunk, approached the grave of the survivors. They were poor shots, and four, including me, survived. Then they brought in the children I mentioned earlier and shot them too. We expected to be covered with earth, but that didn't happen, and as dusk fell, the guards left. The four of us, seizing the moment, rose from beneath the children's corpses and fled into the forest. Among the dead were four brothers, eight engineers, lawyers, and other intellectuals.

Signature: Lewit Max.

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Józef Łukaszek about the cruelty of the administration of the Treblinka labor camp and the executions of prisoners. The village of Kosów-Lacki, [August 1944]

(36 years old, resident of the village of Kosów-Lacki, landowner, arrested after his brother escaped from the Germans, was in the camp from June 16, 1943 to June 15, 1944.)

I worked loading sand onto railroad cars. We were given 170 grams of bread a day and half a liter of muddy water, called soup. This quickly weakened us. Many swelled up and died. And those who were alive couldn't work well loading sand. For being slow at work, we were beaten with sticks. Many were punished in the following way: they were carried up a mountain and thrown down from a height of 10-12 meters. The guards standing over the quarry took stones and threw them after the man rolling down, beating him with sticks. The Germans ordered all the prisoners to hand over their money. I had 150 zlotys in my wallet, which I handed over, but in my side pocket there were another 110 zlotys, which I forgot about. Upon learning of this, the guards took my money and, stripping me naked, hit me on the back 22 times with sticks. One day, during a heavy rain, we were working loading sand. The guards ordered us to quickly strip naked and continue working. About 30 people, including me, didn't manage to undress quickly enough, so we were all beaten with sticks and shovels, each receiving 15 blows. One day, a Ukrainian guard, having learned my wife's address, went to her place and tried to rape her. My wife broke free and ran away. The enraged guard returned to the camp and beat me with a stick because my wife "disobeyed" him. He beat me so severely that my pleura ruptured, and I remain seriously ill.

In the Polish camp, they took Polish and Jewish artisans into the forest and shot them there. This was often done at random. People were also killed in the camp. In the Jewish camp, people weren't shot; rather, as the guards themselves told us, they were herded into special chambers and gassed. Then they were taken away in trucks and dumped into special giant pits and burned. I know that Jews were burned not only from the guards' words, but also from my experience working and living in the camp, smelling the unbearable stench of burning human bodies day and night for months. Our camp was two kilometers from the Jewish one, yet the smell was unbearable. I saw the fires where Jews were burned with my own eyes. During the day, gigantic columns of black smoke were clearly visible. The camp was guarded by Ukrainians recruited from among the prisoners of war. The camp command staff were German SS men.

I was sentenced to a year in Treblinka without questioning. After serving that sentence, my wife approached the headman and offered a bribe (butter, eggs), and I was released.

Łukaszek Józef.CORRECT: Major /signature/

Testimony of senior railway worker Lucjan Puchała about the conditions of detention in the Treblinka camps. The village of Wólka Okrąglik, [August 1944]

(a Pole, 43 years old, a resident of the village of Wólka Okrąglik, a senior worker on the railway)

I was mobilized to work in a camp near Treblinka station as a railway repairman. I worked there from June 15, 1942, to May 14, 1943. For delivering letters to prisoners and food from relatives, I was arrested and imprisoned in a camp. I was held in Camp No. 1 for over seven months. During my time working on the railway and in the camp, I witnessed the following.

From July 1, 1942, until August 1943, trains arrived at the camp daily—one, two, or three trains a day, each with 60 carriages. Each carriage held between 150 and 250 people. The camps were so densely packed that in the summer, more than half of them arrived at the camp suffocated. The carriages included men and children as young as two, five, or six months old. They were mostly Jews and Roma, with significantly fewer Poles. As the train approached and the cars were being unloaded, none of us were allowed near. The Germans even removed their own guards. Meanwhile, a brass band played marches at full blast, and excavator engines roared to drown out the cries of the unfortunate "passengers." Items were thrown into a pile, then the valuables were selected and taken to Germany, while the less valuable items were burned or buried. All men, women, and children were stripped naked and herded into a chamber, where they were murdered. On average, 12,000 to 18,000 people were killed this way daily. This took place in a Jewish "death camp." In the Polish camp, people did various jobs. They made furniture, did metalwork, blacksmithing, tailoring, and other work for the German army, or exported their products to Germany. I worked in a sand quarry as a foreman, loading sand onto wagons. Although the camp was called Polish, there were still many Jews and people of other nationalities there. The working conditions were unbearable. Guards killed people without reason. They killed for refusing to pay the guard, or for having good boots, which the guard took away when killing the prisoner. They also killed for "fun." They killed with a blow to the head with a shovel, hung them from train cars, threw them down from a 12-15 meter quarry, and buried them alive. I repeatedly saw people hanged by their feet, upside down, by their arms, and then, after holding the unfortunate man in this position for an hour, remove him for a break, and then hang him again. Repeating this several times, they finally killed their victim. Those who worked nonstop for 10 or more hours were given 150 grams of bread per day, consisting of water and a few potatoes. Many died of exhaustion. The unsanitary conditions of the camp led to widespread illness. Many people died of typhus.

Signature: Lucjan Puchała.Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of prisoner Kazimierz Skarżyński about the disposal of ashes from burnt corpses in the Treblinka death camp. The village of Wólka Okrąglik, [August 1944]

(65 years old, Polish, peasant, resident of the village of Wólka Okrąglik)

I was forced to work in the camp. I used my cart to haul ashes from the ovens where people were burned. This ashes, according to Jewish prisoners, were transported from the ovens to the camp fence in wagons and dumped there. Peasants, including myself, carried and scattered the ashes along the highway. We knew these ashes were from corpses. This was what the 12- to 15-year-old boys who dumped the ashes said. Jewish prisoners in the camp said they had locked hundreds of prisoners tightly into hermetically sealed cells and suffocated them by pumping out the air.

People died very quickly—in 10-12 minutes. The oven, according to Jewish accounts, was a pit 25 meters long, 20 meters wide, and 5-6 meters deep, with a grate of rails at the bottom, which formed an ash pit. Corpses were stacked on the rails and burned. The glow of the fire was visible for 15 kilometers. Black smoke billowed during the day. The smell of burning could be felt 30 kilometers from the camp in a strong wind.

The screams, cries, and groans of those being killed could be heard for 2-3 kilometers. The residents of Vulok sometimes couldn't bear it any longer and fled the village. For a year, from April 1943 to May 1944, I hauled and scattered ashes. The camp was closed in September 1943. But in order to hide the traces of the crime, for almost a whole year, until May 1944, I hauled and scattered mountains of slag and ashes from the burned people along the highway. The ashes were thrown onto the paved road connecting Camps No. 1 and No. 2 (3 kilometers). Then they ground them up and rolled them with iron rollers. Large chunks of slag, where human bones were visible, were buried in the ground. Gold teeth, gold dollars, coins minted in the tsarist era, and diamonds were also found, which the guards, raking through the ashes, scavenged for themselves. I saw eight or nine trains packed with people arriving at Treblinka every day. The trains traveled like this for about a year. People cried, tore up money and other belongings, and threw them out the freight car windows. The numbers 108, 120, and 150—the number of people in each car—were written in chalk on the cars. In the summer of 1943, people ran out of the cars. The guards shot many of them—51 from one train, 49 from another. They were men, women, and four children aged 4 to 6. These victims were buried near Wólka.

Initially, the Germans killed people in the death camp with axes and sticks, shot them, and buried them. When new convoys of prisoners ceased arriving in the fall of 1943, the order was given to dig up the old bodies for cremation, which was done. Day and night, excavators dug up the bodies and placed them on a continuously burning pyre. To completely cover up the traces of their crimes, the Germans leveled the pits, plowed them, and planted lupines and potatoes.

Signature: Kazimierz Skarżyński.

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Franciszek Wieselowski about living conditions in the Treblinka labor camp. Village of Kosów-Lacki, [August 1944]

(27 years old, Polish, was imprisoned in the Treblinka camp on June 14, 1943)

Why I was imprisoned in the camp, I still don't know. There I worked loading sand onto railroad cars. The sand was transported to various stations to repair damage from bombing. They treated us brutally. One day, I found a piece of bread in the sand and picked it up. A guard noticed this and gave me 50 lashes. One time, a fellow worker gave me a cigarette butt. For this, the guard beat my friend, giving him 25 lashes with a lash. He took off his trousers, put him on boards, and beat him like that. I know of cases where people died after such beatings within 2-3 days.

All personal belongings—watches, wallets, cigarette cases—were confiscated by the guards. These items were usually either spent on drink or given to prostitutes in exchange for cohabitation. The Germans and guards were heavy drinkers. Besides obtaining alcoholic beverages from outside sources, they were also generously supplied by the camp authorities.

Untersturmführer Stumpe (nicknamed Zack-Zack, "Laughing Death") was particularly notorious for his brutality. He personally gouged out eyes for no reason. He beat people, personally determining how many blows to inflict on each person. There was also a German, Schwarz, who also beat people a great deal. There were also Lendecke and others who carried out punishments and murders of camp prisoners.

The Jews in the so-called Polish camp were treated even worse. I know of many cases where Jews were beaten to death with sticks.

The Ukrainian guards told us that in the neighboring Jewish camp, there was a special room with entrances, marked "Women's Dormitory and Men's Dormitory." When the Jews opened the doors, it turned out to be not a dormitory at all, but a cell where, as I heard, people were gassed.

I personally witnessed thick black smoke rising above the Jewish camp during the day, and the glow of campfires in the evening. If the wind blew in our direction, the unbearable stench of burning corpses reached us. We smelled this odor day and night for over a year. I was told by people who saw trains carrying Jews approaching the camp; they claimed that tens of thousands of Jews were arriving daily, but none were leaving. Naturally, they were exterminated, since otherwise there would have been no room for them in the barracks or on the camp grounds. There were several barracks in the Jewish camp, mainly for the service personnel. So, those arriving were not moved in and, apparently, were exterminated that same day.

To avoid the large train convoys approaching the camp being noticeable, two carriages were detached from the train at Treblinka station and transported to the camp using gasoline.

I was sentenced, without interrogation or trial, to one year in a labor camp. After serving this sentence, I was released. My father was also taken to the camp with me. Six months later, my father fell ill with typhus and was severely emaciated. His family took him to the hospital, where he died at the age of 43.

Signature: Franciszek Wieselowski.

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Stanisław Zdonek about the first months of the Treblinka labor camp. Village of Kosów Lacki, [August 1944]

(56 years old, Polish, from the village of Kosów Lacki, was in the camp from November 1 to 30, 1941.)

I was arrested for failing to give the Germans the required amount of potatoes. I worked in a Polish camp, uprooting tree stumps. There were many Jews among us. The Germans killed them there because they weren't working energetically. We were lined up to watch them kill Jews. Once, before my eyes, they brought five Jews and forced them to squeeze through a narrow passage of barbed wire, specially woven for this purpose. The Jews got stuck in the passage and couldn't get through, so the Germans beat them with sticks. That's how they killed all five.

Working in the forest, 10-15 Jews died every day. The Germans killed them with sticks, and we were forced to drag the bodies and bury them in pits. If needed, I can show you where these pits are in the forest. Even back then, in November 1941, many Jews were brought to the camp; the young were selected for work, while the elderly, women, and children were sent to the Jewish camp, where they were killed. I personally saw black smoke and the smell of burning corpses from afar.

Many Jews and Poles died of hunger. Bread was distributed haphazardly, not according to rations. Sometimes they were given a microscopic piece—15-20 grams, compared to the standard ration of 150 grams.

I was old and sick, and I couldn't keep up with the younger workers in the stump-pulling work. I was beaten with sticks more than once. Under threat of death, I strained myself to work. After work, someone from the management would come and inspect our work. If he felt we hadn't accomplished enough, he would order everyone beaten with sticks. People were shot every day. The Germans continually selected and shot all those prisoners who, due to exhaustion or illness, lost their ability to work. We lived in terribly cramped conditions, in cold barracks, on bare boards. The filth and crowding led to illness, especially typhus; weakened people quickly died from typhus.

Signature: Stanisław Zdonek.Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Barbara Zemkiewicz about German abuses in the Treblinka labor camp. Village of Kosów-Lacki, [August 1944]

(22 years old, village Kosów-Lacki, Polish; was in the camp from May 16 to July 15, 1943)

The Germans arrested my mother, my sister, and me on suspicion of selling vodka. In fact, she wasn't selling vodka. Six months later, my mother died of starvation at the age of 53. My sister and I were released two months later. Soon after, my sister died of exhaustion. In July 1944, the Germans came, took my husband, a mechanic, and drove him away.

The women worked on agricultural labor from morning until evening without rest. The Germans would round up a group of women, mount their horses themselves, and gallop into the crowd, crushing them. Camp Commander van Eupen himself enjoyed this on numerous occasions. One day, van Eupen caught me and tried to rape me. I resisted, preventing him from carrying out his vile act. He mounted his horse, grabbed my hand tightly, and urged the horse into a trot. The horse ran for half an hour, while seven more Germans on horseback chased me, threatening to trample me if I escaped his grasp.

One time, I picked an apple from a tree. The deputy camp commander noticed, came up to me, kicked me in the stomach with all his might, and then beat me with sticks. Women were punished with canes for every little thing. One time, a woman picked up a cigarette butt. The guards grabbed her, took off her skirt and leggings, laid her on a board, and gave her 25 blows on the bottom with a stick. There were cases where the beaten woman never rose again and died.

When I arrived at the camp that day, a thousand Jews, men and women, had been brought in. The young, strong men were selected to work in the quarry. The officers selected 30 of the most beautiful young women for themselves. The rest were sent to the Jewish camp. The camp commander, van Eupen, and his assistants took one Jewish woman each night and shot her in the forest in the morning. The Polish camp had many Jewish artisans. They quickly became exhausted from the starvation rations and were unable to work. The Germans brought in fresh batches of artisans and shot the exhausted ones. Swollen from hunger, dying people were carried out into the fields, where they died before the eyes of the workers. Then their bodies were buried in one place. If necessary, I can show you their grave. A thousand people must be buried there.

Signature: Barbara Zemkiewicz.

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of local resident Mieczysław Anyszkiewicz about the Treblinka camps. Village of Radość, August 15, 1944.

There were two camps in Treblinka: one Jewish, the other Polish. Each camp was surrounded by five rows of barbed wire fences supported by posts up to 2 meters high. The camp covered an area of at least 350 hectares. The Polish camp was in a field, and the Jewish camp in a forest. The camp was located 2-3 kilometers south of Treblinka. People who had failed to pay their taxes for various reasons were sent to the Treblinka camp: they hadn't had time to file their taxes or they had nothing to pay.

Jews were sent to the camp to be exterminated. The Polish camp had 15 barracks. I delivered potatoes to the camp as far as the barbed wire fence; they wouldn't let me any further. I saw smoke in the camp, which lasted for six months. The smoke and stench reached the village of Radość and beyond; it was impossible to breathe. The smoke appeared in the evening or early in the morning, lasting two to three hours a day. The camp was burned by the Germans when the Red Army arrived. By the time the Red Army arrived, the Jewish camp had long since disappeared. Only the Polish one remained. The Jewish camp had been plowed and rye had been sown. Only one house remained on the site, where a Ukrainian, or perhaps a German, lived, but he lived in Ukraine, his last name was Strebel.

The testimony was given by Mieczysław Anyszkiewicz.

August 15, 1944

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of freed laborer Maryana Kobus about the murder of Jews in the Treblinka death camp. Village of Wólka Okrąglik, August 15, 1944

The Treblinka camp is 2 kilometers from our village. It was established by the Germans in 1941 and existed for four summers. I was in the Polish camp, going there twice a week for three years. I hauled timber, stones, and did other work. Anyone who refused to go was sent to the camp. The camp was surrounded by two rows of wire up to 4 meters high. There were a lot of people in the camp. The Jewish camp also had barracks and a barbed wire fence. Jews were beaten there. Every day, 60-70 train cars of Jews were brought to the camp. You could hear screams and cries of children and adults all day long. Jews were shot, beaten, and burned. Smoke and stench, it was impossible to breathe. In the evening, fire was visible. The smoke and stench continued every day for two years. Jews were brought from all countries (Czechoslovakia, France, Russia, etc.). I saw Jews escaping from train cars; they were shot with rifles and machine guns. Up to 60 people were killed then. This happened more than once. They killed children, women, and the elderly. There were machines in the camp that dug long ditches and buried Jews in them. The machines ran every day. The Poles worked, and those who didn't were killed. Many died of hunger. The food they ate was coffee and slop. They were given 200 grams of bread, and meat only when a horse or a cow died. No one was allowed into the Jewish camp. A week before the Red Army arrived, the Poles were released from the camp. All the Jews, even the service personnel, were killed.

Maryana Kobus gave testimony.

CORRECT: Major /signature/

Testimony of prisoner Tadeusz Kan about the Treblinka camps. The village of Tosie, Kosuvskoy volost, August 16, 1944.

On January 1, 1943, I was arrested by the German gendarmerie. I spent 12 days in Kosów and from there was sent to the Polish camp of Treblinka. I remained in the camp until August 1, 1944. Ten days before the arrival of the Red Army, the Germans disbanded the Polish camp and killed the Jews who worked there. To this day, I don't know why I was arrested. No charges were brought.

The camp occupied the lands of Majdan Glodomory and the Milewko farmstead. A railway line led to it.

In 1943, the camp had five barracks for 600 people each, a kitchen, barns for cows and horses, and a bathhouse.

The barracks were built during my time there. Eight more barracks for people, a bakery, and workshops were also built. The barracks were built of wood and roofed with tar paper. On both sides were three-story bunks for men and two-story bunks for women. The area enclosed by barbed wire was 2-2.5 hectares. The barbed wire fence was up to 3 meters high. The second camp was for Jews. It was in the forest between Majdan Kupientyński and Wólka Okrąglik, also enclosed by barbed wire. I didn't see the Jewish camp; I wasn't there. No one was allowed in. Both camps were built in 1941-42. All the Poles were sent to work—loading sand into train cars, gardening, and so on.

They fed us: 200 grams of bread, half a liter of thin soup in the morning and a liter at lunch. In the evening, half a liter of coffee and that's it. They gave us meat when the horses died. They were gathered from the villages for Treblinka. The Poles died of hunger at the rate of 8-10 people a day. They didn't accept parcels. My wife brought me a parcel, and I accepted it. For this, my wife was put under arrest for a day, and I was given 50 lashes. There were cases when those bringing parcels to the camp did not return. Poles were brought from various villages. They were not placed in barracks, but taken to the forest and shot there. They were buried in ditches. Dogs dragged away the corpses. I heard that in the Jewish camp, Jews were gassed, electrocuted, and burned. First, they were killed and buried in a ditch dug by a machine. Later, everything was dug up and burned, and rye was sown on the site in 1943. People were burned every day for two years. I heard the screams of women and children, as well as gunshots. Jews were brought in two or three trains a day. The smoke and stench from the Jewish camp made it difficult to breathe. The road from the Jewish camp to the Polish one was strewn with the ashes of burned people. When the camp was disbanded, there were about 300 Poles and about 500 Jews. All the Jews were shot and buried in the forest.

The testimony was given by Kan Tadeusz.

August 16, 1944

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Henryk Brenner on the situation of prisoners at the Treblinka death camp. Żarki, August 17, 1944.

(born 1913, Jewish, was a prisoner of the Jewish camp Treblinka, lives in the town of Żarki near Częstochowa)

When I lived in Żarki, they wanted to send us to Treblinka. I went into hiding with my family, but was caught by the SS, Ukrainian, and Polish police in Leluf. They herded everyone into the square. It was 7 km to the train station. They beat the children right there in the square (they smashed their heads against stones). Those who ran were shot.

At Koniecpol station, crying children were also killed. Their best shoes were removed before being loaded onto the train cars. Each train carried 150 people.

I arrived at the camp with my entire family in October 1942. Twenty-five people died in our train car during the two-day journey. When we arrived at the camp, I knew death would be here. I kissed my family and said goodbye. For this, a German hit me on the head with a whip.

Children aged 2 to 5 months were killed with sticks. This was carried out by a German SS officer named Sepp.

One woman, eight months pregnant, hid naked in a pile of clothes. She was found, beaten with whips, and then killed in the "infirmary."

Before strangulation, the women had their hair cut. I hid in my clothes, got dressed, and joined the workers in the camp. I cut the women's hair. So I had to cut my wife's hair too, preparing her for death. The Jews temporarily assigned to work did not hand over any money. One Jew was found to have money. The camp commandant, Captain Ranz (SS), hanged this Jew by his feet. The "workers" were lined up and shown: "Hanged for having money, so will you if you do not hand over." We had brought food with us. If they saw you eating, they killed you. Each train contained 6,000 people. The "bathhouse" killed 5,000 at a time. The remaining thousand naked people were placed in the square. They were forced to box and play football. One Jew gave a Ukrainian money to buy bread. For this, the Jew was made to stand and ordered to raise his hands. The Germans and Ukrainians approached him and beat him with sticks. He swelled up completely and then died.

In the morning they gave 150 grams of bread and coffee. For lunch, thin "water" soup, in the evening 6-8 jacket potatoes. A Jew dressed in rabbi's clothes was stationed near the latrine. On his chest hung a sign that read: "Scheissen zwei minuten" [shitting for two minutes]. On his chest hung a watch. There was a fact: Commandant Franz approached the latrine. He noted the time the Jew spent in the latrine. The Jew did not make it within 2 minutes. When he came out of the latrine, he was killed by the commandant. The Jews worked on sorting clothes. They had to rip off the badges that the Jews wore on orders from the Germans (the Shield of David) from the back and chest of their clothes. The color was yellow. After the badges were ripped off, an imprint remained on the clothes. This had to be eliminated before being sent to Germany. One Jew did this unsuccessfully. For this, he was ordered to stand facing the German. The latter pointed a pistol. If a Jew closed his eyes, he was beaten and had to die looking down the barrel of a gun.

There are many pits in the camp territory, into which we, while sweeping the camp, threw garbage and household items left over from the dead (spoons, knives, mugs, etc.), and burned all of it.

From the railway line built long ago to the Milewko farmstead, the Germans built a short railway line to the Jewish camp. The line was 20 cars long. The train was divided into three parts. The Jews did not live in the camp for long. They were killed on the same day they were brought in. The barracks in the camp could accommodate no more than 1,000 Jews serving the camp. They were also killed.

To keep the camp secret, the Germans did the following:# The train guards were not allowed into the camp.

1. The barbed wire fence was covered with branches so that it was impossible to see what was going on in the camp.
2. At the entrance to the camp there was a sign: "Boarding to Wołkowysk and Białystok." A platform was made. A railway ticket office was built. A luggage storage room. A passenger train schedule. A large railway clock. The appearance of a railway station was created. The "station" was not called Treblinka, but "Ober-Majdan."
3. Jews arriving from other countries had tickets. At the Ober-Majdan station, a Jew dressed as a station attendant stood and collected tickets, directing them to Białystok and Wołkowysk.
4. It was mandatory to write letters to relatives abroad. In the letters, they were required to write that they were living well and had something to eat. The place of work was indicated in the letters as "Kosów Work Camp."
5. An orchestra was organized from among the Jews. The musicians were well dressed. There was also a theater. When a train arrived, the orchestra played, and the "artists" performed.

The Germans took beautiful Jewish women and lived with them. In the camp was the sister of psychiatrist Professor Sigmund Freud, who was living in America. She showed the Germans documents proving she was the famous psychiatrist's sister. The Germans received her "hospitably." They offered her a bathhouse and some rest, no work. They showed her the way to the death house. She went and was killed. Afterward, the Germans laughed and boasted to us: "The sister of the famous Sigmund Freud has also been killed."

The French minister's brother, Surets, was also in the camp. When he presented his documents, the commandant invited him to dinner and then ordered his death. Surets' brother was shot in the back of the head.

On August 2, 1943, there was a Jewish revolt in the camp. They dug up a weapons cache, took 20 grenades, pistols, carbines, and a machine gun. They killed the guards, sabotaged the engine of an armored car, cut the telephone line, burned the camp, and fled. I was one of them.

From that time on, the camp ceased to exist.

On August 17, 1944, Henryk Brenner testified.

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Abe Kon about gassing at the Treblinka death camp. Częstochowa, August 17, 1944.

(Abe Kob, born in 1917, Jewish)

I lived in the city of Częstochowa. After nine months in the ghetto, on October 2, 1942, my family and I (father, mother, two sisters, one brother) were sent to the Treblinka camp. We were transported to the camp in train cars with 150 people in each. They transported us worse than cattle. The train consisted of 60 train cars. We were told that they were taking us to Ukraine to work, where we would live well. They told us to take luggage up to 20 kg and money. We traveled for two days without water or food. The guards promised water only in exchange for valuables (watches, gold, etc.), they took the things, but did not give us water. We drank urine. We relieved ourselves in the train car. Twelve people died in our car, five people were killed for turning on the light. They shot through the wall. Many were wounded. The dead, murdered, and wounded weren't unloaded until Treblinka. Arriving at the camp, we were received by a new SS guard. The guards traveling with us were not allowed into the camp, even though they were partly German. We were taken to the square. We walked to the camp between two rows of Germans and Ukrainians. As we passed, we were beaten with whips. In the square, the women were separated from the men: the women went to the barracks, and the men remained in the square. The camp square was fenced with barbed wire and, to hide what was happening in the camp, obscured with branches. All men, women, and children were ordered to undress and hold money and documents in their hands. Everyone was lined up in rows and demanded to hand over documents and money to the cash register. Rings were forcibly removed and earrings were torn from their ears. After this, a German searched the women to make sure they hadn't hidden valuables. He looked in their hair, under their arms, in their genitals. After this, the women had their hair cut. The hair was used to make mattresses and submarine ropes. Afterwards, they gave us towels and soap and told us we were going to the bathhouse. They led us down a road, fenced with barbed wire on both sides and guarded by sentries. Flowers lined the sides of the road. The alley was covered with sand.

Naked people passing by were beaten with whips. They approached a building beautifully constructed of cement. The building bore the Jewish "Shield of David" symbol. A Ukrainian stood at the entrance to the "bathhouse" with a knife and a whip. Those who refused to enter were stabbed and pushed into the room. The staff called this Ukrainian "Ivan the Terrible."

"Bathhouse" plan

The "Bathhouse" consisted of 12 cabins. Each cabin was 6 by 6 meters. The height was 2.5 meters. 400 people were forced into each cabin. The people stood. Children pounced on them from above. The cabin had two doors that sealed hermetically. In the corner between the ceiling and the wall were two openings connected by hoses. Behind the "bathhouse" stood a machine. It pumped the air out of the chambers. People suffocated after 6 to 15 minutes. They opened the second door and carried them out. Their teeth were examined. Gold teeth were pulled out. Then they were carried away on stretchers, and the bodies were buried in the ground. They were buried no further than 100 meters from the "bathhouse." People were driven into the "bathhouse" three times a day. In this way, 15 to 18 thousand people were exterminated daily. This went on for up to two months. Later, all the corpses from the machine were dug up and burned in ovens. At least 1 million were burned.

Further extermination was carried out in the same way: strangulation and burning. The bodies were burned in a specially made oven that could hold up to 6,000 corpses. The oven was filled with corpses, doused with gasoline or oil, and set alight. The burning lasted up to an hour. The same was done to the men.

Those who couldn't reach the "bathhouse" (the disabled, the elderly) were sent to the "hospital," where they were taken. They were placed on the edge of a deep pit, at the bottom of which was a bonfire of people. They were shot in the back of the head—the victims fell into the pit and burned. If there were many "sick," they were gathered together and destroyed with grenades, and then burned. This happened every day. All the clothes were taken to Germany. My entire family perished. I escaped during the uprising in August 1943.

Kon Abe gave evidence.

August 17, 1944

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Stanisław Kon about the murder of Jews in the Treblinka death camp, August 17, 1944.

I lived in the ghetto in Częstochowa. From there, I was sent to the Treblinka camp with my family (my mother, wife, and nine-month-old son). We arrived at the camp on October 2, 1942. The camp for the extermination of Jews was built in July 1942. It had a plan (see appendix). For 13 months, 15,000 to 18,000 people were killed daily. For about two months, fewer trains arrived: 1-2, or none at all. I think that up to 3 million people were killed in total.

Little ash remained after burning. It flew away with the smoke. The remaining ash accumulated in a pit (in the oven), mixing with the earth in the same pit. The ashes were not removed. The camp commandant ordered songs to be sung. The songs were sung in German (see the appendix for songs).

Corpses can be found in the camp. When I fled the camp, the Poles told me the smoke and stench could be seen and heard 20 kilometers away. There was screaming and crying in the camp. Children asked adults, "Are they going to shoot us, burn us?" Sometimes children would plead with their mothers, "Don't cry, Mom, the Russians will avenge our blood."

Testimony was given by Kon Stanisław.

August 17, 1944

Correct: Major /signature/

Testimony of Cheni Trać about the liquidation of Jewish prisoners of the Treblinka labor camp. The village of Kosów-Lacki, August 26, 1944.

My husband, Lejba Trać, my 13-year-old daughter, Sofia, and my 8-year-old son, Abram, and I were held there from March 1942 to July 1944. On July 23rd at 8:00 PM, the Germans led a group of Jews into the forest to be shot. The group consisted entirely of me, my husband, my daughter, and my son. They brought us to a pit and ordered us to lie face down. I was thinking about how to escape. My children went to my husband. Shots rang out. My husband was fatally wounded in the head, and I covered his wounded head with a handkerchief. The children and I were not yet wounded. My husband told me to run. I took the children and ran, and the children returned to their wounded father. I ran into the forest and was immediately wounded in the side. I don't know what happened to them—either they were killed or they escaped. That day, the Nazis shot 500-700 people.

Cheni Trać gave evidence.

August 26, 1944

CORRECT: Major /signature/

Testimony of civilian worker Stanisław Krym about life in the Treblinka labor camp. Village of Wólka Okrąglik, August 28, 1944.

(60 years old, Polish, resident of the village of Wólka Okrąglik)

I've lived in this area since 1928. Before the occupation and under the Germans, I worked as a laborer in a quarry. I remember how, as soon as the Germans captured Poland, they began construction of Treblin Camp No. 1. By September 1941, the camp had already been built, and Polish prisoners from Warsaw, Częstochowa, and other places began arriving. Before the construction of Treblin Camp No. 2 (a Jewish camp), Camp No. 1 exclusively housed Poles from various regions of Poland. The camp was officially called "Labor Camp No. 1."

I know about life in this camp from the stories of Polish prisoners who worked in the quarry. We, the free ones, were forbidden to communicate with them, but we still managed to talk to them occasionally. They were given 150-200 grams of bread for the whole day, 10 grams of sugar, half a liter of water in the morning and half a liter in the evening; a liter of thin soup for lunch. That was their entire daily ration.

The prisoners lived in camp barracks with triple bunks. They worked in the quarry loading ballast into train cars for 10 hours a day.

All but a few Polish prisoners were emaciated and could barely move. Giving them any aid or passing them anything was forbidden under penalty of death.

Many Polish prisoners died of hunger and disease. The Germans shot many. My house is located 200-250 meters from the execution site. I saw many times when the Germans led groups of Polish prisoners to be shot. My family and I listened to the volleys and single shots, the cries and screams of dying people. As far as I remember, the first time I heard shots and screams was at the end of 1941, but I can't remember the exact month and day.

I know almost nothing about Camp No. 2. I've only heard that Jews were burned there. I personally saw a large fire in the Jewish camp, flames 7-8 meters high. I saw that fire around the clock for 5-6 months.

I saw wagons bringing in slag and ash every two or three days. Five or seven such wagons arrived. The slag was unloaded from the wagons down a slope. Soon, peasant carts arrived, 20 to 30 a day, to deliver and scatter this slag and ash along the highway. According to stories, this slag in wagons came from Camp No. 2, but I didn't witness it myself.

It was written down correctly from my words and read to me.

Stanisław Krym.

CORRECT: Major /signature/

Acts of Opening of Graves

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 1, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. Golovan and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. Kadolo, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, examined the body from pit-grave No. 1 of the Treblinka camp.

At the external examination, we discovered a semi-decayed male body wearing a demi-season coat, a wool suit, and calfskin boots; the clothing was decayed. Identification of the body was impossible. There were no documents.

Some short-cropped hair remained on the face and skull. Soft tissue was separated from the bones. In the right parietal region of the head, there were two regular openings in the skull measuring 1.5 x 10 cm and 1.5 x 7 cm, and in the occipital region, one measuring 1.5 x 5 cm.

The blows were inflicted with a sharp bladed weapon (an axe blade). He was buried in the winter of 1942–1943.

The body is approximately 25 years old.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 2, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. Golovan and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. Kadolo, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, examined the body from pit-grave No. 1 of the Treblinka camp.

Upon external examination, we discovered a partially decayed male body in civilian clothing: a padded woolen short coat, a military-style woolen tunic (domestic), and calfskin boots. The clothing was decayed.

The body could not be identified. There were no documents. Soft tissue on the face and neck was missing, and short-cropped hair remained in places on the head.

In the right lobe of the occipital bone, there was an irregularly shaped hole measuring 6 x 8 cm. A small amount of viscous brain matter was visible in the hole.

There is a fracture at the base of the skull above the brow. The blow was inflicted on the back of the head with a heavy blunt object, and with great force.

Age: approximately 40 years. Buried in the winter of 1942-1943.

Guard Major Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical] Service] Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 3, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 1 of the Treblinka camp.

A visual examination revealed: a partially decayed male corpse in men's civilian clothing, a homespun linen shirt, canvas trousers, and leather shoes with wooden soles. The corpse cannot be identified. There are no documents.

On the back of the corpse and in the shirt is a small hole measuring 1 x 1 cm, surrounded by a stain of blackened blood. Death was caused by a gunshot wound.

Age: approximately 35 years. Burial date: winter 1942-1943.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 4, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 1 of the Treblinka camp.

A visual examination revealed: a partially decayed male body in men's civilian clothing: a demi-season cloth coat, a woolen jacket, a scarf around the neck, trousers, underpants, and shoes missing. The clothing was decayed.

The body could not be identified. There were no documents. A shoebrush was found in the jacket pocket. Traces of blackened blood were found on the left chest and on the clothing.

Death was caused by a gunshot wound.

Age: approximately 30 years. Burial: winter 1942-1943.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 5, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 1 of the Treblinka camp.

A visual examination revealed: a decayed male body, dressed in a winter coat, woolen trousers, and leather boots.

The body cannot be identified.

There are no documents. The soft tissue under the clothing is easily separated from the bones. The face and lower jaw are exposed. In places, skin with short-cropped hair remains on the skull.

In the right half of the occipital region, there is an irregularly shaped hole measuring 7 x 12 cm. Viscous brain matter is visible. In addition, there is a basal skull fracture and a crack in the left temporal bone, apparently resulting from a high-force blow to the occipital region with a blunt object.

The body was buried in the winter of 1942-1943.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 6, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 1 of the Treblinka camp.

Upon external examination, we discovered: a decayed male body in men's clothing: a Polish-style cap, a padded jacket, a cotton shirt, and military-style (Great Patriotic War) quilted trousers, no shoes.

The clothing was half-rotted. It was impossible to identify the body. There were no documents.

The soft tissue under the clothing was easily separated from the bones; the hair on the head was preserved in places. The skull was broken into pieces (six pieces). The blow to the head was inflicted with a blunt, heavy object, and with great force.

Age: approximately 25 years. Burial date: winter 1942-1943.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 7, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 2 of the Treblinka camp.

A visual examination revealed: a male body in underwear, no shoes, and semi-woolen clothing. It was not possible to identify the body.

No documents.

The skin and muscles are easily separated from the bones. Closely cropped hair remains on the scalp. The skull bones are intact. The cause of death has not been determined.

About 30 years old. Buried in the spring of 1943.

Guard Major Golovan

Guard Lieutenant Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 8, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 2 of the Treblinka camp.

An external examination revealed the body of a male wearing partially decayed underwear and no shoes.

The body could not be identified. There were no documents.

The soft tissues were partially decayed. The skin of the back was dense and black. The skull bones were intact. The cause of death was not determined.

Age: approximately 35 years. Buried in the spring of 1943.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 9, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 2 of the Treblinka camp.

An external examination revealed the body of a male wearing half-rotted underwear and no shoes. The body could not be identified. There are no documents.

The skin is very dense, yellow-brown in color. The superficial soft tissues have begun to dry out. The body was lying in the upper layer, closer to the surface of the earth. The skull bones are intact.

Age: approximately 30 years. Buried in the spring of 1943.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 10, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 2 of the Treblinka camp.

A visual examination revealed a male body in decayed underwear and no shoes. The body could not be identified.

The soft tissues were decayed and easily separated from the bones. The cause of death could not be determined.

Age: approximately 40 years. Buried in the spring of 1943.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 11, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 2 of the Treblinka camp.

A visual examination revealed: a male body in civilian clothes, without shoes, trousers and underwear pulled down below the knees. Large stains on the body. It was not possible to identify the body. There were no documents.

Entry bullet wound in the occipital region, exit wound in the right eye.

Death was caused by a bullet wound.

Age approximately 35. Buried approximately two months ago.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 12, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 3 of the Treblinka camp.

An external examination revealed the body of a female, dressed in a homespun dress, no shoes.

There are stains on the body. The body could not be identified. There are no documents.

An entry bullet wound is on the left side of the back of the head, and an exit wound is on the right side of the crown.

Death was caused by a bullet wound.

Age approximately 20 years. Buried approximately 2 months ago.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 13, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 3 of the Treblinka camp.

Upon external examination, we discovered: a male corpse in civilian clothes, wearing a wool sweater and homespun canvas trousers, no shoes, and the underwear and trousers were pulled down below the knees.

There are black spots on the body.

It was not possible to identify the body. There are no documents.

There is an entry wound from a bullet in the back of the head and an exit wound in the forehead.

Age: approximately 35 years. Buried approximately two months ago.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports of the opening of graves on the territory of Treblinka I. Report No. 14, August 22, 1944.

We, doctors of the 65th Guard Army, Major of the Medical Service M. E. GOLOVAN and Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service N. V. KADOLO, at the suggestion of the Army Military Council, conducted a medical examination of the body from pit-grave No. 3 of the Treblinka camp.At the external examination, we discovered: a male corpse, dressed in a thin factory-made linen shirt and woolen trousers, the trousers and underpants pulled down below the knees. There were stains on the body.

The body could not be identified. There are no documents.

Entry bullet wound in the occipital region, exit wound in the right parietal region.

Age approximately 30 years. Buried approximately two months ago.

Guard Major of the Medical Service Golovan

Guard Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports on the study of mass graves. Report No. 1, August 23, 1944.

We, the undersigned representatives of the 65th Army, Major KONONUK S. L., Major APRESIAN V. Z., Senior Lieutenant RODINOV F. A., Major of the Medical Service GOLOVAN M. E., Lieutenant of the Medical Service Kadolo N. V., representatives of the Kosów city and volost authorities of the Sokołow district of the Warsaw voivodeship Dudkovsky Joseph, doctor TVUSH Emanuel, residents of the village of Wólka Okrąglik of the Kosów volost, teacher TRUSKOLASKI Kazimierz and peasant SKARŻYŃSKI Kazimierz, examined grave No. 1 of the former German Treblin camp No. 1 and established:

1. The grave measured 10 x 5 meters, was 2 meters deep, and the bodies were buried 45-50 centimeters below the ground surface and arranged randomly in 5-7 rows. The soil was sandy loam. The grave was opened for a length of five meters.

2. 105 bodies were removed from the pit. Five bodies were subjected to medical examination. The remaining bodies underwent external examination.

3. All the victims were clothed and had shoes. Local residents determined that the clothing was of Polish origin.

4. No documents or personal belongings were found in the pockets of the victims.

5. After exhumation and examination, the bodies were returned to the same grave.

Signed:

MAJOR KONONYUK

MAJOR APRESSIAN

SENIOR LIEUTENANT RODYONOV

MAJOR OF THE MEDICAL SERVICE GOLOVAN

LIEUTENANT OF THE MEDICAL SERVICE KADALO

Representatives of the Kosów Volost – DUDKOVSKY

Doctor TVUSH

Residents of the village of Wólka Okrąglik

teacher TRUSKOLYASKY,

peasant – SKARŻYŃSKI

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports on the study of mass graves. Report No. 2, August 23, 1944.

We, the undersigned representatives of the 65th Army, Major KONONUK S. L., Major APRESSIAN V. Z., Senior Lieutenant RODIONOV F. A., Major of the Medical Service GOLOVAN M. E., Lieutenant of the Medical Service KADALO N. V., representatives of the Kosów city and volost authorities of the Sokolow district of the Warsaw voivodeship DUDKOVSKY Iosif, doctor TVUSH Emanuel, residents of the village of Wulka-Krąglik of the Kosów volost, teacher TRUSKOYASKI Kazimierz and peasant SKARŻYŃSKI Kazimierz, have dug up and examined grave No. 1 of the former German Treblinka camp No. 1 and have established:

1. The grave measures 10 x 5 meters and is 1.9 meters deep. The bodies are buried 50 cm below the ground surface and arranged in 5-6 rows. The soil is sandy loam. The grave has been opened for 5 meters in length.

2. Ninety-seven bodies were removed from the pit-grave. Five bodies were subjected to medical examination. The remaining bodies were examined externally.

3. All victims were found wearing underwear and barefoot.

4. The following items were found in the grave pit on the bodies: 20 enamel mugs of various colors, 17 enamel teapots of various colors made in Poland, 44 dinner plates and dishes, 13 cast-iron frying pans, 61 iron table spoons, 80 table forks, 27 enamel saucepans, and 30 half-liter bottles.

5. After exhumation and examination, the bodies were buried in the same grave.

Signed:

MAJOR KONONYUK

MAJOR APRESSIAN

SENIOR LIEUTENANT RODIONOV

MAJOR OF THE MEDICAL] SERVICE GOLOVAN

LIEUTENANT OF THE MEDICAL] SERVICE KADALO

Representatives of the Kosów Volost: DUDKOVSKY

Doctor: TVUSH

Residents of the village of Wólka Okrąglik, teacher: TRUSKOLYASKY,

peasant: SKARŻYŃSKI

CORRECT: /signature/

Reports on the study of mass graves. Report No. 3, August 23, 1944.

We, the undersigned representatives of the 65th Army, Major KONONUK S. L., Major APRESSIAN V. Z., Senior Lieutenant RODIONOV F. A., Major of the Medical Service GOLOVAN M. E., Lieutenant of the Medical Service KADALO N. V., representatives of the Kosów city and volost authorities of the Sokolow district of the Warsaw voivodeship DUDKOVSKY Iosif, doctor TVUSH Emanuel, residents of the village of Wólka Okrąglik in the Kosów volost, teacher TRUSKOLASKY Kazimierz and peasant SKARŻYŃSKI Kazimierz, have dug up and examined section of grave No. 2 of the former German Treblinka camp No. 1 and have established:

1. The grave measured 10 x 5 meters, 2.5 meters deep, with the bodies buried 50 cm below the ground surface and arranged randomly in 5-6 rows. The soil was sandy loam. The graves were dug 5 meters long.

2. 103 bodies were exhumed from the pit grave. Of these, 25 were female. Four bodies were examined. The remaining bodies underwent external examination.

3. All bodies were found wearing underwear. Underpants, shorts, and trousers were pulled down below the knees.

4. Various clothing and documents were found on the bodies: 65 leather belts, 17 leather shoes, 28 calfskin and chrome boots, 16 wooden shoe trees, 42 civilian trousers, a Polish uniform jacket, 7 skirts, 17 caps, a white medical coat, an ear tube (phonendoscope), and 10 different documents in Polish.

5. After exhumation and examination, the bodies were buried in the same grave.

Signed:

MAJOR KONONUK

MAJOR APRESSIAN

SENIOR LIEUTENANT RODIONOV

MAJOR OF THE MEDICAL SERVICE GOLOVAN

LIEUTENANT OF THE MEDICAL SERVICE KADALO

Representatives of the Kosów Volost, Doctor TVUSH

Residents of the village of WÓLKA OKRĄGLIK

Teacher TRUSKOLYASKY

Peasant SKARŻYŃSKI

CORRECT: /signature/

Act of German Crimes in the Treblinka Camp, August 24, 1944

We, the undersigned, representatives of the 65th Army, Major KONONUK S. L., Major APRESSIAN V. Z., Major of the Medical Service GOLOVAN M. E., Senior Lieutenant RODIONOV F. A., Lieutenant of the Medical Service KADALO N. V., representatives of the Kosów city and caraway authorities of the Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, DUDZHOWSKI Joseph, physician TBUSH Emmanuel, residents of the village of Wólka-Okrąglik in the Kosów Commune, teacher TRUSKOLASKI Kazimierz and peasant SKARZYNSKI Kazimierz, on the basis of witness testimony, personal inspection of the former German camps No. 1 and No. 2 in Treblinka, exhumation and examination of corpses, on-site verification of certain documents and materials, HAVE ESTABLISHED:

I

Four kilometers south of Treblinka station, near a sand quarry, German military authorities built a prison camp between May and September 1941. This camp operated under the name "Labor Camp No. 1." The site, near a sand ballast quarry and a forested area, was chosen for the purpose of using slave labor and exterminating the active Polish population and people of other nationalities. Geographically, the camp site was in a relatively remote area, where the Germans hoped to conceal their monstrous crimes.

In addition to Poles, the camp also housed Jews, Roma, Czechs, and others.

The camp was divided into sectors: women's, Polish, and Jewish. The camp measured 500 x 500 meters. The double-row barbed wire fence was 3 meters high, and the sectors were 5 meters high.

In September 1941, the first batches of Polish and Jewish prisoners began arriving from Warsaw, Częstochowa, and other places. Around 50,000 people passed through the camp during its existence.

The camp existed until August 1944 and was burned down by the Germans 7-8 days before the arrival of the Red Army.

II

The German invaders didn't limit themselves to the creation of "Labor Camp No. 1." Carrying out their plan for the wholesale extermination of the Jewish population, they built a second camp in July 1942, 3 km southeast of the Treblinka train station. The camp was officially called "Concentration Camp No. 2."

The camp's area was 780 x 600 m. It was surrounded by two rows of 3-meter-high barbed wire fencing. The barracks, platforms, warehouses, and paths inside the camp were in turn surrounded by 5-6-meter-high barbed wire fencing and camouflaged with branches. The camp operated until September 1943 (13 months). Approximately 3 million people—men, women, and children—were murdered in this camp by various means. The camp was liquidated by the Germans after a riot by Jewish prisoners.

III

In the so-called "Labor Camp No. 1," the Germans meticulously implemented a brutal regime and methods of physical extermination. Prisoners were starved to death. They were given 100-150 grams of ersatz bread per day, 10 grams of jam or sugar (not always and not for everyone), a liter of thin soup for lunch, and half a liter of boiling water in the morning and evening. Prisoners lived in specially equipped barracks with three-tiered bunks in horribly overcrowded conditions.

Exhausted and starving, the prisoners performed forced labor in the ballast pit, in the fields, and in the workshops. They worked 10 to 16 hours a day.

For the slightest "violation" of the established regime, the camp administration and guards subjected the prisoners to sophisticated abuse and torture. For example:# The "guilty" were stripped naked, placed on boards, and beaten 25 to 50 times with rubber truncheons (witness testimony: Franciszek WIESELOWSKI, Józef ŁUKASZEK, Marianna ŁUKASZEK, and Barbara ZEMKIEWICZ);

1. The prisoners were hauled up the quarry hill and thrown down from a height of 10-12 meters (witness testimony: Józef ŁUKASZEK and Stanisław KRYM);
2. The women were gathered into a group, mounted on horses, and galloped into the crowd, crushing them. This was carried out by the camp commander, Hauptsturmführer VAN EUPEN (witness testimony: Barbara ZEMKIEWICZ);
3. They selected beautiful girls, Jewish and Polish, staged drunken orgies, raped them, and shot them in the morning (testimony of witnesses Max LEWIT and Barbara ZEMKIEWICZ);
4. Emaciated and sick children aged 10 to 14 were killed with hammer blows to the bridge of the nose and head (testimony of witness Max LEWIT);
5. There were frequent cases of the Germans, at gunpoint, forcing Jews to kill other Jews with hammers to the head.

"In March 1942," says former prisoner of Labor Camp No. 1, Max LEWIT, "60 boys aged 12 to 14 were brought from Warsaw. Untersturmführer Franz Preifi selected 15 of the weakest boys and immediately ordered their execution as unfit for labor. He and a German with a Russian surname, Sviderski, took hammers and, with blows to the bridge of the nose and the head, destroyed all 15 boys before our eyes."

"One time," Franciszek WIESELOWSKI points out, "I found a piece of bread in the sand and picked it up. A guard noticed it, and they gave me 50 lashes with a stick. I know of cases where people died two or three days after such beatings."

"I once saw," says Barbara ZEMKIEWICZ, "how the Germans gathered a group of women, mounted their horses, and galloped into their midst, crushing them. Because I resisted an attempt to rape me, the camp commander, VAN EUPEN, sat on his horse, grabbed my hand, held it tightly, and urged him on. The horse trotted for half an hour, and I ran alongside it like a dog.

"The Germans," says Józef ŁUKASZEK, "ordered all prisoners to hand over their cash. I had 165 zlotys in my wallet, which I handed over. But in my side pocket there were another 110 zlotys, which I'd forgotten about. When the Germans found this money during the search, they stripped me naked and hit me on the back 22 times with sticks.

"My mother and sister," says Barbara ZEMKIEWICZ, "were prisoners in the camp and died of starvation. My mother was 53 years old. Several people died daily from hunger and disease.

Dozens of prisoners—men, women, and children—died daily as a result of starvation, torture, and abuse.

The mass extermination of prisoners was also carried out by shooting. Dozens of witnesses testified that they saw the Germans taking prisoners out of the camp to be shot.

"I saw many times," says Stanisław, a worker at the Crimea quarry (not a prisoner), "how the Germans led prisoners from the 'labor camp' into the forest to be shot. My house is 250-300 meters from the execution site. My family and I repeatedly heard volleys and single shots, the cries and screams of dying people. As far as I remember, the first such incident occurred at the end of 1941."

Former KAC prisoners and Cheni TRAĆ recount witnessing people being taken daily from the camp to be shot in the forest.

The Germans carefully covered up their crimes. They killed and buried people in various places in the forest. However, 58 pit-graves measuring 10 x 5 meters and 2 x 2.5 meters deep were discovered. These are far from all the graves.

Three hundred and five bodies, including 25 women, were recovered from three excavated pit-graves, measuring a total of 15 x 5 meters. The bodies were buried 50 cm below the ground surface.

According to preliminary estimates, 10,000-12,000 executed Poles and Jews were buried in these pit-graves.

Fourteen bodies were subjected to medical examination. The examination revealed a horrific picture of the methods of execution.

In Grave No. 1, the skulls of the murdered people were found to have been pierced by blows from axes and other heavy objects.

In Grave No. 2, all the corpses were shoeless. Numerous household utensils and children's toys were found on the corpses in the grave.

In Grave No. 3 (fresh), all the corpses were in their underwear. Their underpants, shorts, and trousers were pulled down below the knees. The removed clothing and shoes of those executed were piled on top of the corpses.

The corpses of those executed on July 23 of this year were buried in fresh pits. According to witnesses, on that day, the Germans executed all the remaining prisoners in the camp—700–900 people.

"On Sunday, July 23, 1944," says Max LEWIT, a former prisoner who escaped the execution, "at 5 a.m., the Germans drove everyone out of the barracks, forced them to lie face down, and, counting them off in groups of ten, led them to the forest to be shot. Three huge pits had been prepared in advance. The group, which included me, was led out at 7 p.m. Standing at the edge of the grave with my pants pulled down below my knees, I took Dr. BADASH’s arm. Shots rang out. Dr. BADASH was hit in the head by a bullet, and as he fell, he pulled me into the pit. I was not wounded. The Germans, slightly drunk, approached the pit and began finishing off the wounded and the survivors. By chance, four, including me, survived. Then they brought 30 boys to the same pit and also shot them. We expected to be buried under the earth, but it didn't happen. As dusk fell, the soldiers left. We took advantage of the opportunity to crawl out from under the children's corpses and retreat into the forest.

“My husband, Lejba TRAĆ, my daughter Sofia, 13, and my son, Abram, 8,” says Cheni TRAĆ, “and I were in the camp from March 1942 to July 1944. On July 23 of this year, at 8 p.m., the Germans took a group of Jews into the forest to be shot. My entire family was in that group. They brought us to a pit and ordered us to lie face down. I was wondering how to escape. Shots rang out. My husband was mortally wounded in the head. I covered his wound with a handkerchief. The children and I were not yet wounded. My husband categorically ordered me to run, but he himself could not move. I took the children and ran, but the children broke free and, shouting, “To daddy!” ran back to their father. I was immediately wounded in the side. And I crawled into the forest. I know nothing about the children’s fate. In all likelihood, they died. On this day, the Nazis shot 700 people – men, women and children.

IV

Treblinka Camp No. 2 was a massive death factory. The entire Jewish population, along with many "undesirable" people of other nationalities, was brought here from all German-occupied European countries for incineration. For 13 months, from July 1942 to September 1943, this death factory operated around the clock, where SS men mercilessly and relentlessly exterminated millions of people. This diabolical enterprise only ceased to exist after a revolt by Jewish prisoners in the camp.

Dozens of witnesses claim to have seen one to three trains of Jews, each containing 60 cars, arrive at the camp daily. The trains left the camp either loaded with sand or empty.

The camp's surviving death row inmates recount being transported in train cars with 150, 180, or 200 people in each. They were starved to death along the way. They were given no water. They drank urine. SS guards, promising water, took valuables and gold in exchange. They took the valuables, but brought no water. Many were killed along the way. Hundreds of "passengers" died of starvation. In the summer, many died from the crush and heat in the train cars.

To conceal their insidious plans, the German executioners claimed that the Jewish population was being resettled in Ukraine, where they would find work in their specialties and live well.

On the Treblinka railway line, the camp created the appearance of a beautiful train station, with a platform designed for 20 train cars. All the special buildings where people were killed were carefully camouflaged and outwardly beautifully appointed. The paths were covered in sand, flowers, flowerbeds, and fir trees—all this deceived the "passengers."

Furthermore, to maintain secrecy, the Germans did the following:

1. Train guards were not allowed into the camp.

2. The barbed wire fences were covered with branches so that no one could see what was happening in the camp.

3. At the entrance to the "station" were signs: "Boarding for Wołkowysk-Białystok," "To Łomża," "To Baranovichi." First, second, and third-class lounges, a railway ticket office, a luggage storage room, a passenger train schedule, and a large railway clock. The station was not called Treblinka, but Ober-Majdan.

4. Jews arriving from other countries had tickets to Ober-Majdan station. Upon arrival, a Jew dressed as a station attendant stood on the platform and collected tickets, directing the way for "boarding." A jazz band, composed of Jewish musicians, played. There was a theater and a restaurant, pop artists were performing, and the radio was blaring.

5. Residents of surrounding villages were not allowed within a kilometer of the camp. Even German planes were forbidden from crossing the camp.

6. They were forced to write letters to their relatives. In these letters, they were required to state that they were living well and had something to eat. The place of "work" was indicated in the letters as "Kosów work camp."

The noise of orchestras, radios, and motors, which the Germans deliberately turned on, was created to drown out the cries of the dying. Amid this noise, the Nazis carried out their vile deed—burning 10,000 to 15,000 people daily.

Several people who miraculously escaped the fires recounted horrific images of the burning process.

Upon arrival at the camp, Jews were received by SS guards. Men were sent to a special area, while women and children were sent to barracks. The Germans kept beautiful young Jewish women for one night. All men, women, and children were stripped. Women's hair was cut, and their hair was sent to Germany as raw material. Clothing was sorted and also sent to Germany. Valuables—gold, paper money, documents—were ordered to be taken with them. Naked, they were allowed one by one to the cash register and required to hand them over. After handing them over, everyone was lined up and led down a sandy, flower-lined alley to the "bathhouse," where they were given soap, towels, and underwear. After handing over their valuables, politeness gave way to rudeness on the way to the "bathhouse." Passersby were urged on with whips and beaten with sticks.

The "Banya"—the suffocation chamber—consisted of 12 cabins, each 6x6 meters in size. 400-500 people were forced into each cabin. It had two doors that sealed hermetically. In the corner between the ceiling and the wall were two openings connected by hoses.

Behind the "banya" stood a machine. It pumped the air out of the chamber. People suffocated within 6-10 minutes. The second door was opened, and the dead were taken in carts to special ovens.

Prominent scientists, doctors, teachers, musicians, and relatives of famous people were burned there. Among them were the sister of the renowned psychiatrist Sigmund Freud, the brother of the French minister Sourets, and others (testimony of Kon Abe, Drener Choynoh, and Rajzman Samuel).

The vast camp area is strewn with slag and ash. The three-kilometer highway connecting the two camps is covered in slag and ash 7-10 centimeters thick. Large chunks of slag can be easily detected by the naked eye (lime is known to form when bones are burned). There were no industries in the camp, and tons of slag and ash were removed from the camp daily. Slag and ash were transported from the camp to the siding in train cars. This cargo was unloaded from the cars, and 20-30 peasant carts would transport it daily and scatter it along the highway (testimony of witnesses Lucian Itukhav, Kazimierz Skarżyński, Stanisław Krym, and others).

Witness testimony, the book "A Year in Treblinka," the presence of enormous quantities of ash and slag, and the presence of personal belongings and documents scattered around the camp, buried in pits, confirm the existence of ovens where people were burned.

Initially, the Germans buried the bodies of the murdered. After Himmler visited the camp, the bodies were dug up with an excavator and burned.

While it is difficult to uncover the traces and secrets of this oven-like incineration factory, the available data allows us to imagine it.

The furnace is a large ditch dug by an excavator. It is 250-300 meters long, 20-25 meters wide, and 5-6 meters deep. Three rows of reinforced concrete pillars, up to one and a half meters high, are dug into the bottom of the ditch. The pillars are connected by crossbars, or rails. Rails are laid on the crossbars, spaced 5-7 cm apart. This serves as a giant grate for the furnace. A narrow-gauge railway ran along the edges of the ditch (witness testimony from KON Abe, DRENERA Khoinokh, and Samuil RAIZMAN, and materials from the book "A Year in Treblinka").

"I am one of the few," says Raizman, "who were not burned. I arrived at the camp in September 1942 and escaped in September 1943. During my escape, I caught a glimpse of the oven where the Jews were burned. In 11 months, I believe the Germans burned about 3 million people."

Hundreds of villagers within a 10-15 km radius of the camp reported smelling the unbearable stench of burning meat, seeing giant plumes of black smoke, and at night, the glow of a fire could be seen 15 km away. Residents of the village of Wólka Okrąglik, two kilometers from the camp, confirmed hearing terrifying screams.

"For many months," says Stanisław, a worker at the Crimea quarry, "I personally witnessed a large fire in the Jewish camp, with flames reaching 7-8 meters high. The stench spread for kilometers, making it impossible to breathe.

Similar testimonies are given by Lucjan Puchała, Kazimir TRUSKOLASKI, priest DOMBROWSKI and others.

V

The Germans attempted to cover up their crimes. After the Jewish revolt, they demolished all the camp buildings that survived the fire. Oats, rye, and lupine are now sown on the grounds of the former "death camp." The walls of the burned-out residential building and the barnyard of the colonist Streben, who settled on the site of the camp, remain. Signs of the camp's existence remain: barbed wire fences, ashes, slag, and numerous pits where the household items of the burned Jews were buried.

Conclusions

1. Preliminary data has indisputably established the burning of people. The scale of extermination is enormous – approximately 3 million.
2. The Treblinka camp is one of many instances of Nazi atrocities in Poland.
3. The Treblinka camp, with its deliberate, horrific method of extermination, once again powerfully confirms the state-sponsored nature of the Nazis' mass murder.
4. The names of some of the perpetrators of Nazi atrocities are known. These include the commander of Camp No. 1, Hauptsturmführer VAN EUPEN; the commandant of the "death camp" (Camp No. 2), Baron von OPFEIN (others call him Captain FRANZ); and Untersturmführers STUMPE, SCHWARZ, LENDECKE, ZENF, LANZ, and GAGEN – all of them are responsible for the crimes.
5. The Treblinka camp deserves the attention of the Soviet government and the Polish Committee of National Liberation.
6. Camp No. 2 must be guarded and scientific research must be brought in for further investigation.

SIGNED:

Major KONONUK

Major APRESSIAN

SENIOR LIEUTENANT RODIONOV

Major of the Medical Service GOLOVAN

Lieutenant of the Medical Service KADALO

Representatives of the Kosów Commune Mayor: DUDKOWSKI, TWUSH

Residents of the village of Wólka Okrąglik: teacher TRUSKOLASKI, farmer SKORZHINSKI

Correct: /signature/

Sources

Mattogno, Carlo. The “Operation Reinhardt” Camps Treblinka, Sobibór, Bełżec: Black Propaganda, Archeological Research, Expected Material Evidence. 1st ed. Holocaust Handbooks 28. Academic Research Media Review Education Group Ltd, 2024. https://holocausthandbooks.com/book/the-operation-reinhardt-camps-treblinka-sobibor-belzec/.

Mattogno, Carlo, and Jürgen Graf. Treblinka: Extermination Camp or Transit Camp? 4th ed. Holocaust Handbooks 8. Academic Research Media Review Education Group Ltd, 2024. https://holocausthandbooks.com/book/treblinka/.

Mattogno, Carlo, Thomas Kues, and Jürgen Graf. The “Extermination Camps” of “Aktion Reinhardt”: An Analysis and Refutation of Factitious “Evidence,” Deceptions and Flawed Argumentation of the “Holocaust Controversies” Bloggers. 2nd, slightly corrected edition eds. Vol. 1. Castle Hill Publishers, 2015.

Mattogno, Carlo, Thomas Kues, and Jürgen Graf. The “Extermination Camps” of “Aktion Reinhardt”: An Analysis and Refutation of Factitious “Evidence,” Deceptions and Flawed Argumentation of the “Holocaust Controversies” Bloggers. 2nd, slightly corrected edition eds. Vol. 2. Castle Hill Publishers, 2015.

Pachaljuk, Konstantin Aleksandrovič, ed. Treblinka: Research, Memories, Documents. Naučnoe izdanie. Яуза, 2021. Originally published as Treblinka: Issledovanija, vospominanija, dokumenty.

Archival References

State Archive of the Russian Federation

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See also

• Soviet-Polish Commission
• SMERSH
• Extaordinary State Commission (ChGK)