Soviet Treblinka Investigation 1944-ChGK

In early October 1944, the Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army conducted interrogations with numerous witnesses about the deportation and execution of American and British citizens at the Treblinka camp.

As a result, the Extraordinary State Commission (ChGK) created a Draft Report, dated December 1, 1944, with numerous corrections.

Interrogation protocol of witness Gustav Boraks about the Treblinka death camp and the work of the barber team. Węgrów, October 3, 1944.

Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice Mazor, interrogated as a witness:

Boraks Gustaw Yuzefovich, born in 1906, a native of the city of Wieluń, currently residing in the city of Węgrów, Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, a hairdresser by profession, with a 5th grade education, Jewish by nationality, citizen of the Polish state.

The interrogation was conducted in the presence of the representative of the Extraordinary State Commission D. I. Kudryavtsev.

Witness Boraks has been warned of liability for giving false testimony /signature/.

Witness Boraks' testimony was given in Polish. Translation into Russian was provided by citizen E.K. Kozachkov, who has been warned of liability for the accuracy of the translation under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. [signature/]

On October 5, 1942, I was among thousands of Jews brought from Częstochowa to the Treblinka death camp, established by the Germans. All the Jews who arrived with me were exterminated that same day in the so-called "bathhouse." I survived because the Germans needed hairdressers to cut the hair of women being sent to be killed in the "bathhouse."

For seven months, I worked as a hairdresser in the barracks where the arriving women undressed. During this time, 6,000-7,000 women passed through the barracks daily, not counting children. After the women undressed, they went to the hairdressing salon, which was located in the same barracks behind a partition. There were 25 hairdressers working there. Each woman sat on a bench, and her hair was instantly cut with scissors. It was done very quickly. I managed to cut 45-50 women's hair in an hour. The hair of girls from 10 years old and older was also cut, as was the hair of children who had long hair.

Many women sat on the barbershop benches, holding their babies. There were cases of women breastfeeding their babies while getting their hair cut. The babies screamed terribly. The sounds of children crying, screaming, and mothers sobbing filled the barbershop. Many women were pregnant. Some women were bleeding, leaving blood on the bench after their haircuts.

The situation was horrific. Some women and girls went crazy; such incidents were common. I remember one case where a beautiful eighteen-year-old girl from Grodno, upon seeing the horrific atmosphere of the hair salon, immediately went crazy.

There were many cases of women driven mad, breaking into song, scratching their faces until they bled, tearing out their hair, and attacking the Germans. Mothers mourned the loss of their daughters and granddaughters.

The scenes were so horrific that it was hard to bear. The barber Bosak, who had arrived from Częstochowa, took poison and died after his first few days of cutting women's hair.

The head of the barbershop was Unterscharführer Max Beller. He demanded that we not tell the women that death awaited them in the "bathhouse." Max Beller demanded that we, the barbers, cut the hair shorter and leave as little hair on the women's heads as possible. He argued with Unterscharführer Sukhomil, who demanded that we cut the hair as quickly as possible, even if it meant sacrificing the length of the hair.

The hairdressers, including myself, threw the hair cut with scissors into large boxes specially made for this purpose in the carpentry shop.

The hair was transferred from the boxes into large sacks. We carried these sacks of women's hair to a disinfection chamber built in the same barracks. The disinfection process lasted for an hour to an hour and a half, after which the hair was laid out on blankets on the barracks floor to dry. Before disinfection, ribbons, hairpins, and other objects were removed from the hair. After drying, the hair was packed into new sacks and loaded into train cars in batches of 35-40 sacks and transported. In February 1943, I participated in loading 40 train cars full of sacks of hair. The sacks were heavy, and three of us carried each sack. After we placed one row of sacks in the car, we placed boards on top, on which we placed a second row of sacks of hair. The car in which the hair was being loaded had the sign "Lublin" on it.

From among the women passing through the hairdressing salon, the Germans selected the most beautiful and young, who were taken away and used for sexual purposes. I remember one time the Germans selected more than 30 women at once for this purpose.

Naked women were searched. They looked for valuables and money. Each woman was asked to spread her legs. A specially assigned person checked to see if anything was hidden in their genitals. They also checked their mouths and ears. Unterscharführer Sukhomil oversaw this humiliating inspection.

The women, stripped naked after being searched and having their hair cut, were led down the alley to the “bathhouse,” where they were killed.

Men were also subjected to searches. In the winter of 1943, 40 zlotys were found on one man during a search. The Germans then suspended him by his feet, where he remained for several hours. Blood flowed from his mouth and ears as he hung, and he was whipped on the genitals. He was then taken down and shot.

While in the camp until August 2, 1943, I had to see terrible pictures of the abuse and torture of people that the Germans carried out on Jews.

I have nothing further to add to my testimony. My words are written down correctly. It was read aloud to me in Polish translation, and I hereby sign.

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice /signature/

Transcript of the interrogation of witness Chaim Ciechanowski regarding the deportation of US and British citizens to Treblinka. Węgrów, October 3, 1944.

Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice Mazor, interrogated as a witness:

Ciechanowski Chaim Itskovich, born in 1905, native of the village of Stoczek, Sokolow County, Warsaw Voivodeship, currently residing in the city of Węgrów, a shoemaker by profession, with a 4th grade education, Jewish by nationality, citizen of the Polish state.

The interrogation was conducted in the presence of the representative of the Extraordinary State Commission D. I. Kudryavtsev.

Witness Ciechanowski has been warned of liability for giving false testimony /signature/.

Witness Ciechanowski gave his testimony in Polish. Translation into Russian was provided by citizen E. Kh. Kazachkov, who has been warned of liability for the accuracy of the translation under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. /signature/

In early June 1942, the Germans carried out a roundup of Jews in the village of Stoczek. 150 Jews captured by the Germans during the roundup were loaded into trucks and taken away. I was among those taken away. We were told we were being taken to work on the highway construction site in Ostrów Mazowiecka, but in fact, we were taken to the site where Treblin Camp No. 2 was being built at the time.

At first I worked as a digger at the construction site of Camp No. 2, and from the end of July 1942 the Germans transferred me to work as a shoemaker.

In late July 1942, trains carrying Jews from the Warsaw ghetto began arriving at the camp. The people were unloaded from the trains, immediately undressed, and immediately sent to the so-called bathhouse, where they were killed.

The shoemaker's workshop was located about 50 meters from the square where people were unloaded from the train trains, and so I often saw train trains full of people arriving. Usually, people were brought to the camp for extermination in freight cars. But one day, I saw first-class passenger cars being pulled into the camp. Seeing these cars, I left the workshop, approached the cars, and asked the people arriving in them, "Where are you from?" My question, which I asked in Polish, was not answered because they did not understand me. A little later, one of the arrivals answered me in broken Polish: "We are English, we were brought from Warsaw." I don't remember the exact date these people arrived at the camp, but it was 6-7 weeks after I arrived at the camp, and I arrived at the camp, as I already indicated above, at the beginning of June 1942. I stood two or three meters from these cars and watched the unloading of people. The people were well dressed, and most had a hexagonal star made of yellow fabric sewn onto their right chest. A circle was cut out in the center of this star. They had similar stars on the left back. Almost all the arrivals were wearing hats. The women also wore hats and silk dresses. They did not resemble Polish citizens at all. The arrivals were in a good mood. They talked among themselves and laughed. I understand Polish, Hebrew, and German, but the people did not speak any of these languages. Some of the arrivals resembled Jews, while others did not.

The head of the work team, who was in charge of unloading people arriving at the camp and cleaning the wagons, Maier Greenberg, told me then that “a train of Englishmen arrived today; they had good things and food.”

These arriving people were asked to undress and taken to a “bathhouse” where they were destroyed.

A prisoner named Mardyks worked in the shoemaker's shop; he knew English, and when I brought shoes from the square where these people who had arrived were undressing to the shop, Mardyks read an inscription in English on the lining of one shoe and told me that this shoe was made in England.

Maier Greenberg told me that these people who arrived, when they went to the bathhouse, asked not to frighten their clothes and to return their own suits to them after washing, but they did not return from the “bathhouse”.

On the day these people arrived at the camp and after they had been sent to the "bathhouse," I went to the square where those arriving at the camp for extermination were undressing and where the belongings they had left behind were being sorted. I saw with my own eyes how members of the work crew removed money from the pockets of the people they said were English: British pounds, Polish zlotys, and American dollars. And they sorted them. There were more British pounds, which were found in suitcases. From all these facts, I concluded that the people who arrived and were exterminated in the camp were British subjects.

I have nothing further to add to my testimony. My words have been written down correctly and read aloud to me in Polish translation, which I hereby sign.

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice /signature/

Interrogation protocol of Alexander Kudlik regarding the deportation of US and British citizens to Treblinka. Węgrów, October 3, 1944.

The Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice Mazor, interrogated as a witness:

Alexander Dawidowicz Kudlik, born in 1916, a native of Częstochowa, currently residing in Węgrów, Sokołów District, Warsaw Voivodeship, an employee with a sixth-grade education, Jewish by nationality, and a citizen of the Polish state.

The interrogation was conducted in the presence of D. I. Kudryavtsev, a representative of the Extraordinary State Commission.

Witness Kudlik has been warned of liability for perjury /signature/.

Witness Kudlik's testimony was given in Polish. Translation into Russian was provided by citizen E. K. Kozachkov, who has been warned of liability for the accuracy of the translation under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR /signature/.

I arrived at the Treblinka camp on October 5, 1942, from Częstochowa by train. Our train had 60 cars, each carrying 100-120 people. Immediately after unloading the people from the cars, the Germans ordered the women to go to the left, take off their shoes, strip naked in the barracks, and proceed to the bathhouse. The men stripped naked in the square. The Germans immediately selected about 50 men to work in the camp. The remaining men, like the women, were led naked to the bathhouse. In this so-called bathhouse, all the people sent there were killed.

I was among those selected for work, so I wasn't sent to the "bathhouse" and survived. I was assigned to sort the belongings of those who had been killed. As a prisoner, I worked at this job until August 2, 1943, when I escaped from the camp during a prisoner uprising.

Death trains from Poland, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Greece arrived at the Treblinka camp daily. In January 1943, the number of people killed daily reached 18,000–20,000, and sometimes exceeded that number.

The number of people killed while sorting items reached 700–800.

Hundreds of American and British citizens were murdered in the so-called bathhouse, or rather, gas chamber, of the Treblinka camp in July 1942.

They were brought from Warsaw and other places where the war had overtaken them and from where they could no longer return to their homeland. A prisoner named Józef (whose last name I don't remember) who worked sorting belongings told me about this in the camp. In September 1942, he personally sorted the belongings of British and American citizens, removing British and American passports from their pockets. Other prisoners in the camp who worked sorting belongings also reported this.

I personally saw British and American passports among a pile of documents belonging to the murdered. I picked up four or five of these passports and, from the stamps on the photographs, confirmed that the prisoners' accounts of the extermination of British and American citizens in the camp were accurate. I remember one passport bearing a stamp reading "Philadelphia," while the stamp on another passport read "London."

As I've already shown, the Germans assigned me to sorting items. I was tasked with sorting "Eternal Pen" pens. There were a lot of these pens during the sorting process. I encountered many Canadian Parker-Vacumatin pens from 1938-39. I know that pens from this company weren't sold in Poland before the war. The presence of Canadian "Eternal Pen" pens in the camp confirmed prisoners' stories that British and American citizens were being exterminated in the camp.

Every day, I sorted up to 1,000 pens taken from people brought to the camp for extermination. After sorting, I packed the pens into suitcases with 300-500 pens in each. The pens, along with other belongings of the murdered people, were sent to Germany.

The belongings left behind by the people driven into the "bathhouse" were sorted by type by prisoners from the work brigade: clothing, shoes, pens, etc.

Pockets were immediately inspected, and all contents were removed and sorted.

After this, each type of item was in turn sorted by designated sorters, who had strict specializations. There were special sorters for eyeglasses, hats, gloves, jackets, women's stockings, and other items. Jackets and trousers were packed in bundles containing 25 of each item.

The belongings were loaded onto train cars. Very often, train cars carrying the belongings were headed to Lublin.

I can't show you anything else. This is written down correctly from my words. It was read aloud to me in Polish translation, which I hereby sign /signature/.

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Guards Army, Major of Justice /signature/

Interrogation protocol of Oskar Strawczynski regarding the functioning of the Treblinka death camp. Węgrów, October 3, 1944.

Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Guards Army, Major of Justice Mazor, interrogated as a witness:

Strawczynski Oskar Józefovich, born in 1906, a native of Lodz, currently residing in Węgrów, Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, a tinsmith by profession, with a seventh-grade education, a citizen of the Polish state, and Jewish by nationality.

The interrogation was conducted in the presence of D. I. Kudryavtsev, a representative of the Extraordinary State Commission.

Witness Strawczynski has been warned of liability for perjury under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR /signature/.

The translation from Polish into Russian was performed by citizen E. Kh. Kozachkov, who has been warned of the accuracy of the translation under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR /signature/.

I, Oskar Józefovich Strawczynski, lived permanently with my family in Łódź. In February 1940, my family and I moved to Częstochowa. My move was prompted by the fact that the German authorities in Łódź had created unbearable living conditions for the population. The Germans carried out roundups and forcibly deported people to the East, to the General Government they had established in Poland. I assumed that living conditions in Częstochowa would be better, but things turned out differently, as in April 1941, the entire Jewish population of Częstochowa was resettled in a "ghetto" created by the Germans.

In mid-September 1942, the Germans began forcibly deporting Jews from the "ghetto" by train to the East, where they promised land and work, warning that anyone who did not go would be shot.

On October 4, 1942, my wife, Anka Abuvna Strawczynski, 28, my daughter Guta, 9, my son Adas, 4, my father, Yuzef Davidovich Strawczynski, 64, and my mother, Malka Oizerovna Strawczynski, 64, were forcibly deported by the Germans, along with many other Jews, to the East.

The train we were traveling in consisted of 60 cars. The cars were freight cars. Each car was loaded with a large number of people; the car I was in held 120. It was terribly cramped and stuffy. The train was escorted by German gendarmes and guards, who beat people with whips as they boarded the cars and robbed them en route.

The train I was traveling in arrived at Treblinka station on the night of October 4-5, 1942. On the morning of October 5, 1942, the train was divided into three parts, each containing twenty cars, and these parts were transported to the Treblinka camp.

When we arrived at the camp, the German SS, beating us with whips and rifle butts, forced us out of the train cars and sent us to the platform. The cars were swept by Jewish labor detachments and sent back to Treblinka station.

On the platform, the Germans asked the women to go left and the men to go right.

The women were asked to remove their shoes and stockings near the barracks and proceed to the barracks located on the square. Once there, the women were asked to strip naked and proceed to another section of the barracks, which housed a sort of "hairdressing salon." More than 25 Jewish labor detachments were working there, cutting off the women's hair with scissors.

The cut hair was collected and stored in a special storage room by specially appointed German workers.

At the end of the barracks was a large disinfection chamber, designed for processing and disinfecting women's hair. Three specially assigned workers from the work team worked at this disinfection chamber. They took hair from the storage room and ran it through the disinfection chamber.

After passing through the disinfection chamber, the hair was spread out on the barracks floor to dry and then packed into large sacks. The sacks of hair, on camp administration orders, were periodically loaded onto train cars and sent to Germany. While working at the camp as part of a labor team, I repeatedly witnessed this process of processing and packaging hair cut from women, and I also saw the sacks of hair being loaded into train cars for shipment.

After the women's hair was cut, they were herded naked by Germans and guards down a special alley fenced with barbed wire and pine trees to the "bathhouse."

The men stripped naked right there on the square, leaving their belongings behind, and followed the women down the alley to the "bathhouse."

In this "bathhouse," men, women, and children were exterminated, and their bodies were burned. The Germans forcibly sent the weak and elderly, unable to move independently, to the "hospital," where they were shot.

The "hospital" was a large pit near which people were shot. This pit was surrounded by barbed wire and pine trees.

After being unloaded from the train car at the camp, I was one of 50 others selected for work. As part of a "work team" until August 2, 1943, I worked as a tinsmith.

My entire family—my wife, son, daughter, father, and mother—was stripped naked, sent to the "bathhouse," and exterminated there.

While in the camp from October 5, 1942, to August 2, 1943, working as a tinsmith, I witnessed with my own eyes how almost daily trains of people arrived at the camp, headed for the "bathhouse" and were exterminated.

The bodies of the murdered were burned on large bonfires. These bonfires burned day and night. The air was thick with the stench of roasting human flesh. Breathing was extremely difficult. Few managed to escape this death factory.

I managed to escape from the camp on August 2, 1943, during a prisoner uprising there.

I have nothing further to add to my testimony. My words have been transcribed accurately. A translation into Polish was read aloud to me, and I hereby sign [signature].

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice /signature/

Interrogation protocol of Oskar Strawczynski regarding the deportation of US and British citizens to Treblinka. Węgrów, October 3, 1944.

Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice Mazor, interrogated as a witness:

Strawczynski Oskar Józefovich, born in 1906, a native of the city of Lodz, currently residing in the city of Węgrów, Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, a tinsmith by profession, with a 7th grade education, a Jew by nationality, a citizen of the Polish state.

The interrogation was conducted in the presence of D. I. Kudryavtsev, a representative of the Extraordinary State Commission.

Witness Strawczynski has been warned of liability for giving false testimony /signature/.

Witness Strawczynski gave his testimony in Polish.

Translation into Russian was performed by citizen E. Kh. Kozachkov, who has been warned for the accuracy of the translation under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. /signature/

I, Oscar Józefovich Strawczynski, and my family were transported from Częstochowa to the Treblinka camp on October 5, 1942.

Our transport contained over 6,000 men, women, and children. Of this number, 50 of the strongest men were selected for labor in the camp.

All the others were stripped naked immediately after being unloaded from the train cars and taken, supposedly to a bathhouse, where they were murdered. Among those murdered on October 5, 1942, were: my wife, Anka Abuwna Strawczynski, 28; my daughter, Guta, 9; my son, Adas, 4; my father, Józef Davidowicz Strawczynski, 64; and my mother, Malka Oizerowna Strawczynski, 64.

I was selected as a specialist tinsmith and physically strong for the job. For 10 months, I worked in the camp in my specialty, as a tinsmith.

Almost daily, trains arrived at the camp carrying Jewish people from various parts of Poland, Germany, Austria, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Greece, and the German-occupied regions of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic.

In July 1942, American and British citizens were also brought to the Treblinka camp and killed immediately upon arrival. Those American and British citizens who had arrived in Poland and Czechoslovakia from England and the United States but were unable to return to their homelands due to the German occupation of those countries were brought to the Treblinka camp for extermination.

They were told that they would be exchanged for German prisoners of war and would return to their homeland, but instead they were taken to the Treblinka camp.

I personally saw, among a huge pile of passports belonging to murdered people, many American and British passports with the words "USA" and "British" written on them. I also saw photographs with city stamps on the back: New York, Boston, and Chicago. The photographs attached to the passports had stamps with the words "USA" printed in large letters in the middle.

All prisoners in the Treblinka camp knew about the extermination of American and British citizens. This was told to me by the blacksmith Hersz Jabkowski from Stoczek, who was brought to the camp on July 18, 1942, and who personally witnessed the arrival of American and British citizens and their extermination. The cook Maier from Płock, who arrived in Treblinka in July 1942, also told me about the extermination of American and British citizens in the camp. Many other carpenters, tailors, and shoemakers who worked in the camp as prisoners also told me about the extermination of American and British citizens.

The murder of British nationals in the Treblin camp is also confirmed by the following fact: my cousin, Esther Malka Abramovna Mrówka, 22, was a British citizen. Before the war, she came to Poland to visit relatives. In August 1942, she was captured by the Germans in the village of Mstów (near Częstochowa) and, along with others, sent to the Treblin camp, where she was murdered.

In Częstochowa, at number 20 Varshavska Street, lived a 68-year-old British citizen named Woznica. He had come to visit his children and grandchildren before the war. In April 1942, he was summoned to the Gestapo office, where he was offered the option of returning to Britain via Turkey. He packed his things, said goodbye to his family and friends, and went to the Gestapo, never to return. He promised to write to his children from Turkey and the journey, but not a single letter was received from him. On October 4, 1942, his entire family, consisting of 10 children and grandchildren, was taken along with us to the Treblinka camp, where they were murdered.

When later in the camp I personally saw the passports of the murdered citizens of America and England and learned that the Germans were murdering citizens of these countries, it became clear to me that Voznitsa, having ended up in the Gestapo, was killed by the Germans.

I personally confirm, as can other former prisoners of the Treblinka camp, Kudlik Aleksander and Ciechanowiecki Chaim, that hundreds of British and American citizens living in Poland and other German-occupied countries were exterminated in this camp.

Most of these British and American citizens, killed in the camp in 1942, came to Poland in 1939 to visit their relatives, but due to the war they were unable to return.

I can't add anything further to my testimony. It was written down correctly. It was read aloud to me in Polish translation, and I hereby sign.

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice /signature/

Interrogation protocol of witness Mendel Koritnicki regarding the deportation of US and British citizens to Treblinka. Sterdyń, October 4, 1944.

Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice Mazor, interrogated as a witness:

Koritnicki Mendel Izrailevich, born in 1909, a native of the city of Warsaw, currently residing in the city of Sterdyń, a tailor by profession, a Jew by nationality, with a 6th grade education, a citizen of the Polish state.

The interrogation was carried out in the presence of a member of the Extraordinary State Commission, D. I. Kudryavtsev.

Witness Koritnicki has been warned of liability for giving false testimony /signature/.

In addition to my testimony given on September 23, 1944, I can report the following: in 1942, I found myself in the Warsaw ghetto. In late June or early July 1942, the German authorities posted a notice inviting American, British, and French citizens to prepare to return to their homeland. I personally did not read this notice, but many people from the ghetto told me about its contents.

In July 1942, British and American citizens, Jews by nationality, were taken by car from the "ghetto" by the Germans to the Pawiak prison, located in the area designated for the "ghetto" in Warsaw. Everyone in the "ghetto" knew that these were imprisoned British and American Jews, as they wore the insignia of their respective countries on the left side of their chests. I cannot say exactly how many British and American citizens were taken to the prison, but in any case, more than a thousand people, including women, children, and the elderly.

I personally saw these people who were driving in a car with suitcases and other things.

In September 1942, I was transported by train along with thousands of other Jews to the Treblinka death camp and was selected to work there. When I arrived at the camp, carpenter Skiba Shlema, blacksmith Jabkovsky Gersh from Stoczek, tailor Wenger Leib, and other camp prisoners told me that in July 1942, the Germans brought Jews—British and American citizens—by car and exterminated them in the camp's gas chamber. I was also told that British and American citizens, Jews by nationality, were among the first to be brought to the death camp.

In September 1942, I was sorting things in the camp. While sorting things, I personally saw suitcases labeled in English. There were labels like "New York," "Washington," "Brooklyn," "Chicago," and others. I personally saw British and American passports being collected and burned during the sorting process. Among the money taken from people arriving at the camp for extermination were many American dollars and British pounds.

I have nothing further to add to my testimony. My words have been written down correctly and read aloud to me, and I hereby sign my name.

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice /signature/

Interrogation protocol of witness Szymon Rosenthal regarding the deportation of US and British citizens to Treblinka. Sterdyń, October 4, 1944.

Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice Mazor interrogated as a witness:

Rosenthal Szymon Leizerovich, born in 1905, native of the village of Kozienice, Kozienice County, Kielce Voivodeship, currently residing on the farm of Albinów, Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, a shoemaker by profession, with a 2nd grade education, Jewish by nationality, citizen of the Polish state.

The interrogation was carried out in the presence of a member of the Extraordinary State Commission, D. I. Kudryavtsev.

Witness Rosenthal has been warned of the responsibility for giving false testimony /signature/.

Witness Rosenthal’s testimony was given in Polish. Translation into Russian was provided by citizen Kozachkov, who has been warned of liability for the accuracy of the translation under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. [signature/]

In October 1942, I arrived from Kozienice to the Treblinka death camp on a train carrying 11,000 people.

The Germans left me at work in the camp, sorting the belongings of the dead. My job was to remove documents from jacket pockets.

I put the documents I found in my pockets in a special box, and then a specially assigned person from the work team, named Alter Kohn, who arrived at the camp from Kozienice, took these documents to the fire, where they were burned.

While reviewing the documents, I personally encountered passports, college diplomas, stocks, marriage certificates, and other documents belonging to British and American citizens. The passports of American citizens had the words "USA" written on them.

I can say this because I lived for seven years in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay, and Chile, where I frequently saw passports of citizens of these countries, as well as passports of American citizens. I encountered exactly the same passports in the camp during sorting.

One day in the fall of 1942, while sorting documents and encountering several American passports, I noticed that the jackets from whose pockets I had removed American documents had patches of the American firms that had made them on the inside collars. These patches indicated that the jackets had been made in Brooklyn, New York, Chicago, and elsewhere. I also saw among the shoes of the dead people high lace-up boots, a type of footwear common among the American population. That same day, I removed dollars, pounds, and gold coins from the pockets of jackets bearing patches of American firms. I showed the American passports I had removed from the jacket pockets to Yakov Ackerman and Cohn Mendel, who were working with me at the sorting station. They, in turn, told me this was nothing new to them, as they'd encountered American documents and items many times before while sorting. When I was sorting through the documents, I found many American postage stamps, including some with images of the White House in Washington.

I claim that hundreds of American citizens, Jewish by nationality, were killed in the Treblinka death camp along with other citizens of European countries and Poland.

The inserted "by nationality" is to be believed.

I have nothing more to add to my testimony.

It is written down from my [words] correctly, it was read aloud to me, and I sign it /signature/.

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice /signature/

Interrogation protocol of witness Wolf Szejnberg regarding the deportation of US and British citizens to Treblinka. Village of Kosów Lacki, October 4, 1944.

Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice Mazor interrogated as a witness:

Szejnberg Wolf Shlyamovich, born in 1902, native of the city of Warsaw, living in the city of KosówLyadski, Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, a baker by profession, with an 8th grade education, Jewish by nationality, citizen of the Polish state.

The interrogation was carried out in the presence of a member of the Extraordinary State Commission, D. I. Kudryavtsev.

Witness Szejnberg has been warned of liability for giving false testimony /signature/.

Witness Szejnberg gave her testimony in Polish. Translation into Russian was provided by citizen E. Kh. Kazachkov, who has been warned of liability for the accuracy of the translation under Article 95 of the Criminal Code of the RSFSR. /signature/

In addition to my testimony from September 22 of this year, I can testify as follows:

I am a resident of Warsaw. On July 20, 1942, notices were posted in the Warsaw Ghetto and other parts of the city by order of the SD. These notices stated that all citizens of foreign countries, friendly and hostile, were required to report to Pawiak Prison in Warsaw with their families and luggage weighing up to 25 kilograms by July 22, 1942. At the same time, this notice stated that failure to appear would result in execution.

After this, all American and British subjects, Jews, reported to this prison along with their immediate families. Thus, American and British subjects were imprisoned in the SS prison on Pawiak Street. I and everyone else in the Warsaw "ghetto" knew they were subjects of these countries because they wore the insignia of these countries on their left chests. The fact that American subjects were imprisoned is evidenced by the following: my cousin, 49-year-old Jacob Szejnberg, a physician by profession, his wife, Hella Szejnberg, and his son, Shlema Szejnberg, a physician by profession, were American subjects. I myself saw their American passports. This family had recently lived in Warsaw at 38 Marszałkowskiego Street. Szejnberg’s wife arrived in Warsaw from America three weeks before the outbreak of war between Germany and Poland. One day in July 1942, I was at Szejnberg’s apartment and saw five Germans from the SS arrive, including three officers. They asked Szejnberg and his wife, Helle, who were at home, to pack their things and follow them, as they were going to America. In fact, they were taken to Pawiak Prison. Szejnberg’s son, Dr. Shlema, was taken to this prison by the Germans two days later. A few days later, one of the prison guards brought me a letter from Yakov Scheinberg, in which he wrote that they were being beaten and denied food in prison and asked that food be sent. After this, I repeatedly brought parcels to the prison for Yakov Szejnberg, his wife, and son. One day in September 1942, I brought a parcel to the prison for Yakov Szejnberg, but it was not accepted, and a German SS officer said they no longer needed the parcels, as they had been shot. I received this reply from the prison office.

On October 9, 1942, I, along with many hundreds of Jews, was transported by train from the Warsaw "ghetto" to the Treblinka camp. At the Treblinka death camp, I was selected for work as a physically fit person and sent to the so-called Labor Camp No. 1. In this camp, I worked as a baker. While working as a baker, I had the opportunity to walk around the camp, visit the death camp, and learn the news.

In February 1943, American and British Jewish subjects were brought to the Treblinka labor camp three times in trucks and shot right there in the forest (the forest is located near the camp). I particularly remember one such incident. One day in February 1943, more than 25 people were brought in a truck, all wearing American and British badges on the left side of their chests. Among those brought were women and children. I passed by the people who had been brought in and asked them, "Where are you from?" They replied that they had been brought from Warsaw, from Pawiak, and that they had been told they would be taken to America. They asked what would happen to them. I told them that death awaited them. Two hours later, they were led into the forest, where they were shot. The belongings of those executed were brought from the forest, which were then stored in a warehouse in the camp. I personally saw these belongings. American and British badges were pinned to their jackets. This finally convinced me that these people had been shot.

While in Camp No. 1, I personally learned of the following fact. Among the prisoners there was a pilot named Melion, originally from Prague. It turned out he was born in America and was an American citizen. His father, who lived in Warsaw and worked at the Dworzec-Wiechodni train station, constantly petitioned for his son's release from the camp. Abel, the camp office clerk, told me that documents had arrived at the camp confirming Melion's American citizenship. He was summoned to the camp office for this reason and executed a few days later. This was in December 1942. Thus, the arrival of documents confirming Melion's American citizenship hastened his death.

Koritnicki, who was a prisoner at the death camp, told me that the extermination of American and English citizens also took place in this camp.

I have nothing further to add to my testimony. It is written down correctly from my words, read aloud to me, and I sign it.

Interrogated by: Deputy Military Prosecutor of the 65th Army, Guards Major of Justice /signature/

Interrogation protocol of Pinkhus Weissmann regarding the deportation of US and British citizens to Treblinka. Village of Kosów Lacki, October 4, 1944.

Major Novoplyansky D.I. interrogated as a witness:

Weissman Pinkhus Ionovich, born in 1907, a native of Warsaw, currently residing in the city of Kosów, Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, a carpenter by profession, with a 7th grade education, a Jew, a citizen of Poland

The interrogation was conducted in the presence of the representative of the Extraordinary State Commission D. I. Kudryavtsev.

On July 20, 1942, notices were posted on all streets of Warsaw, warning all British, American, and other foreign nationals to report with their belongings to the SS prison on Pawi Street within two days. British and American citizens living in various parts of Warsaw reported with their families to the SS prison, taking with them their essential belongings. I personally accompanied my good friend, US citizen Avraham Berger, and his wife, who lived at 23 Sventoyarskaya Street, to the prison gates. They were carrying a suitcase and bedding with them into the prison. I helped them carry their belongings. I personally saw badges with the emblems of the US and other countries, particularly England, Argentina, and Brazil, on the left chest of all the foreigners entering the prison.

At least 1,500 foreigners, primarily US and British nationals, were detained in the SS prison. The streets adjacent to the prison, Karmelitskaya, Delnaya, and Stara, were filled with arriving citizens of these countries and their families. Children were also imprisoned along with their parents. I personally witnessed 15-year-old Yuri Friedman, born in Britain, enter the prison.

I brought parcels to my friends Berger and Vyshinsky, both US citizens, in prison many times. I gave them bread, sugar, and sausage.

In late August or early September 1942, some American and British citizens were transported from the Warsaw SS prison to the Treblinka camp. Lichtenbaum, Stolzman, Finkel, and other acquaintances told me about this, and everyone in the Warsaw ghetto knew about it. Personally, while working in a carpentry shop on Gęsia Street, I saw covered black trucks leaving the prison. The back of the trucks was uncovered, and I saw prisoners inside—men, women, children, and the elderly. They were transporting American and British citizens. In May 1943, I was taken with other Jews to the Treblinka death camp, where I learned that British and American citizens had been exterminated in the gas chamber. All the prisoners were talking about this. Attorney Reisner told me that American and British citizens were not only killed in the "bathhouse" but also shot in the Maliszewski forest near Camp No. 1.

Some of the foreigners gathered in the Warsaw SS prison and not transported to Treblinka were later taken to the Vitel camp on the German-French border. I learned of this from a letter Berger wrote on March 30, 1944, which I received in May 1944. The letter arrived at a Warsaw firm and was forwarded to me by a driver, Peipi Gross. Berger writes that the Germans have been promising to exchange them—American citizens—and return them to America for over a year and a half, but so far they haven't been exchanged, and it seems they'll have to go to where his wife's mother is. His wife's mother, Doba Messing, was taken by the Germans to the Treblinka camp back in 1943 and murdered there.

This is written down correctly from my words. It was read aloud to me in Polish translation, which I also sign.

Interrogated by: Major D. Novoplyansky.

Collective appeal of the residents of Kosów Lacki regarding the murder of US citizen S. Rachel. The village of Kosów Lacki, October 4, 1944.

To the Chairman of the Extraordinary State Commission D. I. Kudryavtsev

We, the undersigned residents of the town of Kosów Lacki, Sokołów County, Warsaw Voivodeship, Gershtein S. B., Tsegel S. M., Burstein Kh. E., Shedletsky Kh. Sh., report the following:

Syr Rachel lived in Kosów, near the church, for 32 years. She came to Kosów from Chicago, USA. Her father, mother, brother, and sisters currently live in Chicago. Syr Rachel was an American citizen and held an American passport. We have seen this passport ourselves. In 1939, as we know from conversations with her, she planned to return to America, to Chicago. However, she was unable to leave because the war between Germany and Poland began.

Syr Rachel, fearing extermination at the Treblinka death camp, went into hiding. In November 1942, she was captured by the Germans and murdered in Zambrów, a fact we confirm with our signatures.

City of Kosów Lacki, October 4, 1944.

Gershtein Sh. B. /signature/

Tsegel Sh. M. /signature/

Burstein H. /signature/

Shedletsky X. /signature/

I certify the signatures of Gershtein, Tsegel, Burstein, and Shedletsky. Commandant of the city of Węgrów, Lieutenant Colonel /signature/ October 4, 1944

Draft report of the Extraordinary State Commission for the Establishment and Investigation of the Crimes of the Nazi Invaders and Their Accomplices "On the Murder by the Germans in Treblinka Concentration Camp No. 2 in Poland of Citizens of the United States of America, Great Britain, the USSR, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Other Countries" (December 1, 1944)

The Extraordinary State Commission received documents and statements from Red Army soldiers, as well as from former prisoners of the Treblinka German Camp No. 2, located in the Warsaw Voivodeship, Poland, regarding the mass murder by the Nazi invaders of citizens of the United States of America, Great Britain, the USSR, Poland, France, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and other countries imprisoned in this camp, who had lived in various European cities before the war.

The Military Prosecutor's Office, with the participation of D. I. Kudryavtsev, a representative of the Extraordinary State Commission, conducted an investigation and interrogated former prisoners of the Treblinka camp who were accidentally still alive—witnesses to the mass extermination of citizens of the United States, Great Britain, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and other countries.

Based on the testimony of these individuals, as well as materials and documents, the Extraordinary State Commission determined:

1. In June 1942, 3 kilometers southeast of the Treblinka railway station, 2 kilometers southwest of the village of Wólka Okrąglik in the Warsaw Voivodeship, the Germans built concentration camp No. 2, in which they killed civilians, mainly Jews, citizens of the United States of America, England and various occupied European countries – France, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and others.

2. In the same year of 1942, the Germans deported citizens of the USA, Great Britain, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and other countries from various cities of Europe occupied by Germany to Warsaw, where they were imprisoned in the SS prison on Pawiak Street, and then transported to the Treblinka camp and all were killed. Some prisoners of this camp managed to remain alive until they were liberated by the advancing units of the Red Army. The military prosecutor's office, with the participation of the representative of the Extraordinary State Commission D. I. Kudryavtsev, interrogated the following witnesses to the murder of citizens of various foreign countries by the Germans: Strawczynski O. Yu., Koritnicki M. I., Szejnberg V. I. G., Kudlik A. D., Rosenthal Sh. L., Ciechanowski Kh. I., Weissmann P. I. and others.

The testimony of these witnesses establishes that the German authorities carried out the extermination of citizens of the United States, Great Britain, the USSR, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Bulgaria, and other countries who fell into their hands. This brutal extermination was carried out primarily by gassing in a specially equipped room. Some prisoners were shot.

Before killing the prisoners, the Germans subjected them to incredible torture. Sometimes, the prisoners were gathered together in one place, and the camp guards would mount their horses and gallop into the crowd of defenseless people. The Nazis selected beautiful women from among the prisoners, raped them, and then shot them.

All atrocities at the Treblinka camp were carried out by the Germans under the direction and with the personal participation of the camp commandant, Baron von Eupen.

Former camp inmate M.I. Koritnicki testified: "At the end of June or beginning of July 1942, the German authorities posted a notice in Warsaw inviting American, British, and French nationals to prepare for departure to their homelands. After this, British and American nationals, Jews by nationality, were transported to Pawiak Prison in Warsaw. I cannot, of course, say how many British and American nationals were taken to the prison, but in any case, it was more than 1,000 people, including women, children, and the elderly. I personally saw these people traveling in cars with suitcases and other belongings. In September 1942, I was transported along with thousands of other Jews to the Treblinka death camp, where I was selected to work in the camp. When I arrived at the camp, carpenter Skiba Shlema, blacksmith Jabkovsky Gersh from Stoczek, tailor Wenger L., and other camp prisoners told me that in July 1942, the Germans brought Jews—British and American citizens—by car and murdered them in the gas chamber. In September 1942, I worked in the camp sorting the belongings of the murdered. While sorting the belongings, I personally saw suitcases with labels in English: "New York," "Washington," "Brooklyn," "Chicago," and others. I saw British and American passports."

A former prisoner named Rosenthal Sh. L., who worked as a shoemaker in the camp, testified: “My duties included removing documents from the pockets of the clothing of the murdered people. While looking through the documents, I personally found passports, diplomas from higher educational institutions, shares, various certificates and other documents belonging to citizens of England and the United States. For seven years, I lived in Argentina, Brazil, Uruguay and Chile, where I very often saw passports of citizens of these countries and passports of American citizens. I encountered exactly the same passports in the camp... the jackets of the murdered had patches from American companies. The patches indicated that the jackets were made in the cities of Brooklyn, New York, Chicago and others. I showed the American passports to Yakov Ackerman and Kohn Mendel, who worked with me. They, in turn, told me that this was nothing new for them, since they had already encountered American documents and items many times.

I confirm that hundreds of American and British citizens were killed in the Treblinka death camp along with citizens of other countries."

Maryana Kobus, a resident of the village of Wólka Okrąglik, testified: “The Treblinka camp was 2 km from our village. It was established by the Germans in 1941 and existed for four years. I visited it twice a week for three years. I went to haul timber, stones, and do other work. Anyone who refused to work was sent to the camp. The camp was fenced with barbed wire up to 4 meters high. 60-70 train cars of people were brought to the camp every day. You could hear screams and cries of children and adults all day long. Corpses were burned. The stench was unbearable. The smoke and stench continued for two years, every day. People were brought from all over the world: Czechoslovakia, France, Russia.”

A former prisoner of the camp, Kh. I. Ciechanowski, currently residing in the city of Węgrów (Poland), testified: “I saw how passenger cars were brought into the camp. Upon seeing these cars, I left the workshop, approached them and asked the people who had arrived in these cars: “Where are you from?” One of the arrivals answered in broken Polish: “We are English, we were brought from Warsaw.” The senior worker of the team who was engaged in unloading, Maier Greenberg, said that a trainload of Englishmen had arrived. The Germans asked the people who had arrived at the camp to undress, and then took them to the “bathhouse.” Maier Greenberg told me that the people who had arrived, when leaving for the “bathhouse,” asked that their clothes not be mixed up and that their own suits be returned to them after washing. But they did not return from the “bathhouse.” On the day of these people’s arrival and after they had been sent to the “bathhouse,” I went to the camp square where the arrivals were undressing. I saw with my own eyes how people from the work team took money out of the pockets of the clothes of the arriving Englishmen: English pounds, Polish zlotys, American dollars.”

Witness P. I. Weissmann, currently residing in Kosów (Warsaw Voivodeship), testified: “On July 20, 1942, notices were posted on all streets of Warsaw stating that all British and American citizens must report with their belongings to the SS prison on Pawiak Street within two days. I personally accompanied a good friend of mine, an American citizen, Abraham Berger, and his wife, who lived at 23 Świętojerska Street, to the prison gates. They carried a suitcase and bedding with them to the prison. I helped them carry their belongings.

"At least 1,500 foreigners, primarily US and British nationals, were detained in the SS prison. The streets adjacent to the prison—Karmelitskaya, Delnaya, and Smocha—were filled with citizens of these countries and their families. Children were also imprisoned along with their parents. I personally witnessed the entry of 15-year-old Yuri Friedman, a British-born teenager. I often brought parcels to the prison for my US citizen acquaintances, Berger, and others.

"In late August or early September 1942, some American and British citizens were transported from the Warsaw prison to the Treblinka camp. Lichtenbaum, Stolzman, Finkel, and other acquaintances told me about this, and everyone in the Warsaw ghetto knew about it. Personally, while working in the carpentry shop on Gęsia Street, I saw covered black trucks leaving the prison. The backs of the trucks were open, and I saw men, women, children, and elderly prisoners inside. These were American and British citizens. In May 1943, I was taken to the Treblinka death camp with other Jews, and there I learned that British and American citizens had been exterminated in a gas chamber. All the prisoners spoke of this. Attorney Reisner told me that American and British citizens were killed in the "bathhouse" and also shot in the Maliszewski Forest."

V. Sh. Szejnberg, a former prisoner who worked as a baker in the camp and previously lived in Warsaw, reported: “One day in July 1942, I was in the apartment of Yakov Szejnberg and personally saw five Germans from the SS arrive at this apartment; among those who arrived were three officers. They asked Yakov Szejnberg and his wife Hella to pack their things and follow them, supposedly for a trip to America. In fact, they were taken to Pawiak prison. Szejnberg is my cousin, a doctor by profession, his wife Hella Szejnberg, her son Shlema Szejnberg, a doctor by profession, were American citizens. The Germans took Szejnberg’s son to prison two days later. I repeatedly brought packages to the prison for Yakov Szejnberg, his wife, and son. One day in September 1942, I brought a package for Szejnberg, but it was not accepted, and an SS officer said that Szejnberg had been shot. In February 1943, American and British Jewish nationals were brought by truck to Treblinka Labor Camp No. 1 and immediately shot in the forest. The belongings of those executed were brought from the forest and stored in a camp warehouse. I personally saw these belongings. American and British badges were pinned to them.

"Among the prisoners in this camp was a pilot named Melion, an American citizen. In December 1942, Melion was executed."

Former camp inmate O. Yu. Strawczynski, a native of Lodz, testified: "In July 1942, American and British citizens who were unable to return to their homeland due to the occupation of Poland and Czechoslovakia were brought to the Treblinka camp. They were told they would be exchanged for German prisoners of war and would be returned to their homeland, but instead they were brought to the Treblinka camp and exterminated. I personally saw many American and British passports among the huge pile of passports of the murdered people. I also saw photographs with postmarks on the back with the names of New York, Boston, and Chicago. The photographs attached to the passports had American stamps. All prisoners in the camp knew about the extermination of American and British citizens in the Treblinka camp. This was told to me by the blacksmith Gersh Yabkovsky, who was brought to the camp on July 18, 1942 and personally observed how citizens of America and England arrived at the camp and how they were destroyed.

The murder of British nationals in the Treblinka camp is confirmed by the following fact: my cousin, Esther-Malka Abramovna Mrówka, 22, was a British citizen. She came to Poland before the war to visit relatives. In August 1942, she was captured by the Germans in the village of Mstów near Częstochowa and, along with others, sent to the Treblinka camp, where she was murdered.

Former camp prisoners, residents of Kosów, Gershtein P.I. B., Tsegel Sh. M., Burstein H.E., Shedletsky H.Sh. reported: “In Kosów, near the church, lived Syr Rachel, 32 years old. She came to Kosów from Chicago. Her father, mother, brother, and sisters currently live in Chicago. Syr Rachel was a US citizen. In 1939, as we know well from conversations with her, she was planning to return to America, to Chicago, but did not have time to leave, as the war between Germany and Poland began. Syr Rachel, fearing arrest by the Germans, went into hiding, but in November 1942 she was caught and killed in Zambrów, which we confirm with our own signatures. Kosów-Lacki, October 4, 1944.”

On the basis of the investigation carried out, the Extraordinary State Commission established that this monstrous crime – the extermination of US and British citizens – was committed by the commandant of the Treblinka camp, Baron van Eupen, the head of the camp, Oberscharführer Franz, his assistant, Oberscharführer Fles, Unterscharführers Fuchs, Mitzik, Stumpe, Schwartz, Zenf, Lanz, Hagen, on the orders of the Hitlerite government.

Sources

Mattogno, Carlo. The “Operation Reinhardt” Camps Treblinka, Sobibór, Bełżec: Black Propaganda, Archeological Research, Expected Material Evidence. 1st ed. Holocaust Handbooks 28. Academic Research Media Review Education Group Ltd, 2024. https://holocausthandbooks.com/book/the-operation-reinhardt-camps-treblinka-sobibor-belzec/.

Mattogno, Carlo, and Jürgen Graf. Treblinka: Extermination Camp or Transit Camp? 4th ed. Holocaust Handbooks 8. Academic Research Media Review Education Group Ltd, 2024. https://holocausthandbooks.com/book/treblinka/.

Mattogno, Carlo, Thomas Kues, and Jürgen Graf. The “Extermination Camps” of “Aktion Reinhardt”: An Analysis and Refutation of Factitious “Evidence,” Deceptions and Flawed Argumentation of the “Holocaust Controversies” Bloggers. 2nd, slightly corrected edition eds. Vol. 1. Castle Hill Publishers, 2015.

Mattogno, Carlo, Thomas Kues, and Jürgen Graf. The “Extermination Camps” of “Aktion Reinhardt”: An Analysis and Refutation of Factitious “Evidence,” Deceptions and Flawed Argumentation of the “Holocaust Controversies” Bloggers. 2nd, slightly corrected edition eds. Vol. 2. Castle Hill Publishers, 2015.

Pachaljuk, Konstantin Aleksandrovič, ed. Treblinka: Research, Memories, Documents. Naučnoe izdanie. Яуза, 2021. Originally published as Treblinka: Issledovanija, vospominanija, dokumenty. https://docs.historyrussia.org/ru/nodes/354229-treblinka-issledovaniya-vospominaniya-dokumenty

Archival References

State Archive of the Russian Federation

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 1-3

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 18-19

GARF P-7021-115-9 pp. 2-11 (Draft: pp. 84-91)

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 5-6

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 7-9

GARF P-7021-115-10 p. 23

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 10-11

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 12-14

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 15-17

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 20-22

GARF P-7021-115-10 pp. 4-4b

See also

• August 1944, 65th Army of the 1st Belorussian Front
• September 1944, Soviet-Polish Commission
• September/November 1944, SMERSH